Rainwater flow on the ground can form roll waves through fluid instability mechanisms
Multiple studies demonstrate that surface and fluid instabilities in open-channel and inclined flows can lead to the formation of roll waves.
The retrieved literature consistently confirms that open-channel flows and surface water movements on slopes can undergo fluid instabilities (such as shallow-water instabilities and surface wave growth) that result in roll waves and surging behavior.
Abdelaziz Boudlal, Valery Yu. Liapidevskii. Stability of roll waves in open channel flows. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0721(02)01461-4
Paper [0] investigates the stability of finite amplitude roll waves that develop at a liquid free surface in inclined open channels.
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G.L. Richard. Roll waves in a predictive model for open-channel flows in the smooth turbulent case. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.158
Paper [1] derives a predictive model for turbulent open-channel flows with breaking roll waves on a sloping bottom.
Aaron J, Langham J, Spielmann R, Hirschberg J, McArdell B, Boss S, Johnson CG, Gray JMNT. Detailed observations reveal the genesis and dynamics of destructive debris-flow surges.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02488-7
Paper [4] demonstrates that debris-flow surges are formed by the spontaneous growth of small surface instabilities into large waves.
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