Galaxies do not orbit each other due to the expansion of the universe.

the verdict

REFUTED

the evidence says no

Recorded sources

0 sources for · 2 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

The claim is refuted because gravitationally bound systems, such as binary galaxies and merging black holes, routinely orbit and interact with each other even in an expanding universe.

The analysis

The retrieved papers focus on cosmology, dark matter, and gravitational waves, with several discussing galaxy evolution, black hole binaries, and mergers (e.g., [7], [8]). The claim that galaxies do not orbit each other due to the expansion of the universe is physically incorrect on local scales; while the universe expands globally, local gravitational attraction easily overcomes this expansion for bound systems like galaxies in clusters or interacting pairs. The provided papers implicitly contradict the premise by studying bound interacting galactic systems and mergers. Therefore, the verdict is REFUTED.

Evidence against · 2

Electromagnetic counterparts to massive black-hole mergers.

Recorded source metadata

Bogdanović T, Miller MC, Blecha L. Electromagnetic counterparts to massive black-hole mergers.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-022-00037-8

This paper discusses massive black hole binaries and mergers, demonstrating that bound galactic systems do interact and merge despite cosmological expansion.

Source citation format

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More against · 1

Primordial black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures.

Recorded source metadata

Bagui E, Clesse S, De Luca V, Ezquiaga JM, Franciolini G, García-Bellido J, Joana C, Kumar Jain R, Kuroyanagi S, Musco I, Papanikolaou T, Raccanelli A, Renaux-Petel S, Riotto A, Ruiz Morales E, Scalisi M, Sergijenko O, Ünal C, Vennin V, Wands D. Primordial black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-024-00053-w

This paper examines primordial black holes and binary black hole mergers, confirming that gravitationally bound structures exist and interact within the expanding universe.

Source citation format

The paper trail · every fact has a biography

first checked01 Aug 2026

judged → REFUTED · 1401 Aug 2026

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