Pear-shaped atomic nuclei are physically possible
Extensive experimental and theoretical nuclear physics research confirms that certain atomic nuclei can exhibit stable or dynamic pear shapes due to strong octupole deformations.
Multiple peer-reviewed studies using techniques such as Coulomb excitation and molecular spectroscopy have confirmed the existence of octupole deformation (pear shapes) in heavy isotopes like radium and radon. The evidence overwhelmingly supports the claim, with no papers retrieved that refute it.
Garcia Ruiz RF, Berger R, Billowes J, Binnersley CL, Bissell ML, Breier AA, Brinson AJ, Chrysalidis K, Cocolios TE, Cooper BS, Flanagan KT, Giesen TF, de Groote RP, Franchoo S, Gustafsson FP, Isaev TA, Koszorús Á, Neyens G, Perrett HA, Ricketts CM, Rothe S, Schweikhard L, Vernon AR, Wendt KDA, Wienholtz F, Wilkins SG, Yang XF. Spectroscopy of short-lived radioactive molecules.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2299-4
Mentions octupole-deformed radium isotopes possessing pear-shaped nuclear structures.
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Gaffney LP, Butler PA, Scheck M, Hayes AB, Wenander F, Albers M, Bastin B, Bauer C, Blazhev A, Bönig S, Bree N, Cederkäll J, Chupp T, Cline D, Cocolios TE, Davinson T, De Witte H, Diriken J, Grahn T, Herzan A, Huyse M, Jenkins DG, Joss DT, Kesteloot N, Konki J, Kowalczyk M, Kröll T, Kwan E, Lutter R, Moschner K, Napiorkowski P, Pakarinen J, Pfeiffer M, Radeck D, Reiter P, Reynders K, Rigby SV, Robledo LM, Rudigier M, Sambi S, Seidlitz M, Siebeck B, Stora T, Thoele P, Van Duppen P, Vermeulen MJ, von Schmid M, Voulot D, Warr N, Wimmer K, Wrzosek-Lipska K, Wu CY, Zielinska M. Studies of pear-shaped nuclei using accelerated radioactive beams.. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12073
Provides experimental evidence that certain heavy, unstable atomic nuclei are distorted into pear shapes.
Butler PA, Gaffney LP, Spagnoletti P, Abrahams K, Bowry M, Cederkäll J, de Angelis G, De Witte H, Garrett PE, Goldkuhle A, Henrich C, Illana A, Johnston K, Joss DT, Keatings JM, Kelly NA, Komorowska M, Konki J, Kröll T, Lozano M, Nara Singh BS, O'Donnell D, Ojala J, Page RD, Pedersen LG, Raison C, Reiter P, Rodriguez JA, Rosiak D, Rothe S, Scheck M, Seidlitz M, Shneidman TM, Siebeck B, Sinclair J, Smith JF, Stryjczyk M, Van Duppen P, Vinals S, Virtanen V, Warr N, Wrzosek-Lipska K, Zielińska M. Evolution of Octupole Deformation in Radium Nuclei from Coulomb Excitation of Radioactive ^{222}Ra and ^{228}Ra Beams.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.124.042503
Demonstrates stable pear shapes arising from strong octupole correlations in radium nuclei.
Scamps G, Simenel C. Impact of pear-shaped fission fragments on mass-asymmetric fission in actinides.. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0780-0
Shows that octupole pear-shaped deformations play a key role in actinide fission and fragment asymmetry.
Butler PA. Pear-shaped atomic nuclei.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0202
Reviews experimental evidence for the occurrence of reflection-asymmetric pear shapes in atomic nuclei.
Morris IM, Klink K, Singh JT, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Nicley SS, Becker JN. Rare isotope-containing diamond colour centres for fundamental symmetry tests.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2023.0169
Discusses rare isotopes predicted to have exceptionally strong nuclear octupole deformation, known as pear-shaped nuclei.
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