Prolonged dieting and maintaining a caloric deficit cause measurable long-term physiological effects
Prolonged dieting and caloric deficits consistently trigger measurable physiological adaptations, including metabolic slowing and hormonal shifts aimed at energy conservation.
The retrieved clinical trials and reviews consistently demonstrate that sustained caloric restriction and weight loss produce measurable, long-term physiological changes in humans, such as metabolic adaptation (reduction in energy expenditure beyond loss of body mass), altered hormone levels (like T3 and appetite-regulating hormones), and transcriptional changes in adipose tissue. No papers refute the claim.
Leonie K. Heilbronn, Lilian de Jonge, Madlyn I. Frisard, James P. DeLany, D. Enette Larson‐Meyer, Jennifer Rood, Tuong Nguyen, Corby K. Martin, Júlia Vólaufová, Marlene M. Most, Frank L. Greenway, Steven R. Smith, Walter Deutsch, Donald A. Williamson, Éric Ravussin, for the Pennington CALERIE Team. Effect of 6-Month Calorie Restriction on Biomarkers of Longevity, Metabolic Adaptation, and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Individuals. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.13.1539
Demonstrates that 6 months of calorie restriction in humans leads to metabolic adaptation, reducing 24-hour energy expenditure beyond what is expected from changes in body mass alone.
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Éric Ravussin, Leanne M. Redman, James Rochon, Sai Krupa Das, Luigi Fontana, William E. Kraus, Sergei Romashkan, Donald A. Williamson, Simin Nikbin Meydani, Dennis T. Villareal, Steven R. Smith, Richard I. Stein, Tammy Scott, Tiffany M. Stewart, Edward Saltzman, Samuel Klein, Manju Bhapkar, Corby K. Martin, Cheryl H. Gilhooly, John O. Holloszy, Evan C. Hadley, Susan B. Roberts, for the CALERIE Study Group. A 2-Year Randomized Controlled Trial of Human Caloric Restriction: Feasibility and Effects on Predictors of Health Span and Longevity. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv057
Shows that a 2-year caloric restriction intervention in humans induces sustained changes in metabolic rate and hormonal regulators such as triiodothyronine.
Frank L. Greenway. Physiological adaptations to weight loss and factors favouring weight regain. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.59
Reviews physiological adaptations to weight loss and caloric restriction, noting persistent perturbations in circulating appetite hormones and energy homeostasis that favor weight regain.
Leanne M. Redman, Leonie K. Heilbronn, Corby K. Martin, Lilian de Jonge, Donald A. Williamson, James P. DeLany, Éric Ravussin, for the Pennington CALERIE team. Metabolic and Behavioral Compensations in Response to Caloric Restriction: Implications for the Maintenance of Weight Loss. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004377
Provides objective free-living measurements showing that caloric restriction triggers measurable metabolic adaptation and behavioral reductions in total daily energy expenditure.
Olga Spadaro, Yun‐Hee Youm, Irina Shchukina, Seungjin Ryu, Sviatoslav Sidorov, Anthony Ravussin, Kim Nguyen, Ekaterina Aladyeva, Alexander V. Predeus, Steven R. Smith, Éric Ravussin, Craig J. Galbán, Maxim N. Artyomov, Vishwa Deep Dixit. Caloric restriction in humans reveals immunometabolic regulators of health span. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg7292
Reports that prolonged caloric restriction in humans causes transcriptional reprogramming in adipose tissue and immune regulation that affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolic health.
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