The human brain relies on distributed neural networks to sense the passage of time
Converging neurobiological research shows that the human brain utilizes distributed neural networks, including thalamocortical and cerebello-frontoparietal circuits, to process and represent the passage of time.
Papers 3 and 11 directly support the claim that the brain relies on distributed networks and dynamical systems across thalamocortical and cerebellar-cortical circuits to sense and process time. The remaining papers discuss general functional connectivity, sensory processing, or unrelated topics, leaving the supporting papers unchallenged.
Stine GM, Jazayeri M. Control Principles of Neural Dynamics Revealed by the Neurobiology of Timing.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-091724-015512
Paper 3 demonstrates that thalamocortical population activity and dynamical systems analysis reveal how neural networks control and represent elapsed time.
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Hajnal A, Levenberg K, Adam P, Chen CH. Cerebellar Time and Relative Time: A Comparator-Based Dynamical Timing Model and its Relevance to Psychopathology and Therapies.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-026-01995-3
Paper 11 reviews how cerebellar circuits act in concert with cortical and basal ganglia oscillators to process interval timing and subjective time perception.
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