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the claim

Atomic orbitals are physically evidenced through electron momentum spectroscopy and diffraction experiments

the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
Recorded sources
4 sources for · 0 against

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Atomic and molecular orbitals are successfully investigated and imaged using advanced experimental techniques such as electron momentum spectroscopy and diffraction experiments.

The analysis

The retrieved papers provide robust experimental evidence showing that electron momentum spectroscopy (such as (e,2e) measurements) and electron diffraction techniques (such as laser-induced electron diffraction) are standard, effective methods for determining and imaging the momentum distributions and spatial characteristics of atomic and molecular orbitals.

Evidence for · 4
Recorded source metadata

M. Pullen, B. Wolter, A. Le, M. Baudisch, M. Sclafani, H. Pires, C. Schröter, J. Ullrich, R. Moshammer, T. Pfeifer, C. D. Lin, J. Biegert. Influence of orbital symmetry on diffraction imaging with rescattering electron wave packets. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11922

Paper [1] demonstrates that laser-induced electron diffraction allows the retrieval of molecular orbital structure and orientation from momentum transfer space.

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More for · 3
Recorded source metadata

XiangJun Chen, LiXia Zhou, XuHuai Zhang, XiaoFeng Yin, ChunKai Xu, Xu Shan, Zheng Wei, KeZun Xu. Electron momentum spectroscopy of CF2Cl2: Experimental and theoretical momentum profiles for outer valence orbitals. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1689955

Paper [2] uses electron momentum spectroscopy via (e,2e) experiments to successfully measure experimental electron momentum profiles of outer valence orbitals.

Recorded source metadata

R. Puthumpally-Joseph, J. Viau-Trudel, M. Peters, T. Nguyen-Dang, Osman Atabek, Éric Charron. Laser-induced electron diffraction: inversion of photo-electron spectra for molecular orbital imaging. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2017.1290837

Paper [4] discusses imaging molecular orbitals from photoelectron spectra obtained via laser-induced electron diffraction.

Recorded source metadata

Yichun Wang, Yaguo Tang, S. Niu, Zhaohui Liu, X. Shan, Chunkai Xu, Xiangjun Chen. Experimental and theoretical investigations on the valence orbitals of fluorobenzene by electron momentum spectroscopy. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/aaf34f

Paper [9] reports an electron momentum spectroscopy study on valence orbitals using a binary (e,2e) spectrometer to validate theoretical momentum distributions.

The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked01 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 8601 Aug 2026
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