Atomic orbitals are physically evidenced through electron momentum spectroscopy and diffraction experiments
Atomic and molecular orbitals are successfully investigated and imaged using advanced experimental techniques such as electron momentum spectroscopy and diffraction experiments.
The retrieved papers provide robust experimental evidence showing that electron momentum spectroscopy (such as (e,2e) measurements) and electron diffraction techniques (such as laser-induced electron diffraction) are standard, effective methods for determining and imaging the momentum distributions and spatial characteristics of atomic and molecular orbitals.
M. Pullen, B. Wolter, A. Le, M. Baudisch, M. Sclafani, H. Pires, C. Schröter, J. Ullrich, R. Moshammer, T. Pfeifer, C. D. Lin, J. Biegert. Influence of orbital symmetry on diffraction imaging with rescattering electron wave packets. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11922
Paper [1] demonstrates that laser-induced electron diffraction allows the retrieval of molecular orbital structure and orientation from momentum transfer space.
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XiangJun Chen, LiXia Zhou, XuHuai Zhang, XiaoFeng Yin, ChunKai Xu, Xu Shan, Zheng Wei, KeZun Xu. Electron momentum spectroscopy of CF2Cl2: Experimental and theoretical momentum profiles for outer valence orbitals. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1689955
Paper [2] uses electron momentum spectroscopy via (e,2e) experiments to successfully measure experimental electron momentum profiles of outer valence orbitals.
R. Puthumpally-Joseph, J. Viau-Trudel, M. Peters, T. Nguyen-Dang, Osman Atabek, Éric Charron. Laser-induced electron diffraction: inversion of photo-electron spectra for molecular orbital imaging. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2017.1290837
Paper [4] discusses imaging molecular orbitals from photoelectron spectra obtained via laser-induced electron diffraction.
Yichun Wang, Yaguo Tang, S. Niu, Zhaohui Liu, X. Shan, Chunkai Xu, Xiangjun Chen. Experimental and theoretical investigations on the valence orbitals of fluorobenzene by electron momentum spectroscopy. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/aaf34f
Paper [9] reports an electron momentum spectroscopy study on valence orbitals using a binary (e,2e) spectrometer to validate theoretical momentum distributions.
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