Temperature is a direct function of luminosity and greenhouse gas concentrations
Multiple studies and well-established scientific consensus confirm that Earth's temperature is fundamentally driven by solar luminosity and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
The retrieved papers consistently support the premise that global temperature is a function of solar radiation/luminosity and greenhouse gas concentrations, alongside other factors like continental configuration and albedo. The evidence strongly supports the claim.
Drew T. Shindell, Gavin A. Schmidt, Ron L. Miller, David Rind. Northern hemisphere winter climate response to greenhouse gas, ozone, solar, and volcanic forcing. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900547
Study shows greenhouse gas forcing plays a primary role in driving climate and temperature variability.
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Benjamin M. Sanderson. A Multimodel Study of Parametric Uncertainty in Predictions of Climate Response to Rising Greenhouse Gas Concentrations. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3498.1
Investigates climate sensitivity and temperature responses to rising greenhouse gas concentrations.
Shaviv NJ, Svensmark H, Veizer J. The Phanerozoic climate.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14920
Examines long-term climate variations, identifying atmospheric CO2 as a primary driver of climatic oscillations.
Kopp G. Solar irradiance measurements.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41116-025-00040-5
Establishes that solar irradiance (luminosity) is the primary energy source powering the Earth's climate system and temperature variations.
Witkowski CR, von der Heydt AS, Valdes PJ, van der Meer MTJ, Schouten S, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Continuous sterane and phytane δ<sup>13</sup>C record reveals a substantial pCO<sub>2</sub> decline since the mid-Miocene.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47676-9
Reconstructs past CO2 levels demonstrating a close mirroring of global temperature decline.
An Overview of Climate Change Mitigation, Mitigation Strategies, and Technologies to Reduce Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Concentrations: A Review. 2023. https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.06.04.03
Explains how greenhouse gases trap radiation and raise atmospheric temperatures.
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