The human immune system tolerates infused horse antibodies without adverse reaction
The claim that the human immune system tolerates infused horse antibodies without adverse reaction is refuted by clinical evidence showing that heterologous proteins frequently trigger immune responses, hypersensitivity, and adverse events.
The claim asserts that human immune systems tolerate infused horse (equine) antibodies without adverse reactions. In immunology, heterologous proteins (like horse antibodies) are well-known to be immunogenic, frequently causing hypersensitivity reactions such as serum sickness or general adverse events unless specially processed (e.g., into F(ab')2 fragments) or managed. Papers [0], [7], and [8] discuss the use of equine antivenoms and immunoglobulins, explicitly noting safety concerns, adverse events, and the immunological challenges of administering animal-derived products to humans. Therefore, the claim is clearly false and refuted by the literature.
Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Janke R, Bermúdez-Méndez E, Ledsgaard L, Barbosa JE, Laustsen AH. History of Envenoming Therapy and Current Perspectives.. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01598
Paper 0 discusses the historical reliance on animal-derived antibodies and the persistent challenges of immunogenicity associated with heterologous serum therapy.
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Botosso VF, Jorge SAC, Astray RM, de Sá Guimarães AM, Mathor MB, de Carneiro PDS, Durigon EL, Covas D, de Oliveira DBL, das Neves Oliveira R, Maria DA, Eto SF, Gallina NMF, Pidde G, Squaiella-Baptistão CC, Silva DT, Villas-Boas IM, Fernandes DC, Auada AVV, Banari AC, de Souza Filho AF, Bianconi C, de Agostini Utescher CL, Oliveira DCA, Mariano DOC, Barbosa FF, Rondon G, Kapronezai J, da Silva JG, Goldfeder MB, Comone P, Junior REC, Pereira TTS, Wen FH, Tambourgi DV, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 equine F (Ab')<sub>2</sub> immunoglobulin as a possible therapy for COVID-19.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07793-1
Paper 7 describes the development of equine F(ab')2 fragments for COVID-19 and highlights the necessity of processing/purification to mitigate adverse immunological reactions compared to whole immunoglobulins.
Kimber C, Valk SJ, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Iannizzi C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd015167.pub2
Paper 8 reviews clinical trials of animal-derived polyclonal antibodies and notes that while they are used therapeutically, patients receiving heterologous preparations can experience adverse immune-related events and hypersensitivity risks.
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