mRNA vaccines induce human cells to produce viral spike proteins
Multiple peer-reviewed studies and clinical analyses confirm that mRNA vaccines deliver genetic instructions that cause human and mammalian cells to successfully produce viral spike proteins, triggering the desired immune response.
The retrieved literature consistently supports the fundamental mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines, which relies on host cell translation of the mRNA transcript to synthesize viral spike proteins. Papers [3], [4], [8], and [9] directly document or quantify the expression of spike proteins resulting from mRNA vaccination in various tissues and cell cultures.
N. Ota, Masahiko Itani, Tomohiro Aoki, Aki Sakurai, Takashi Fujisawa, Y. Okada, K. Noda, Yoshiki Arakawa, Sadahisa Tokuda, R. Tanikawa. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in cerebral Arteries: Implications for hemorrhagic stroke Post-mRNA vaccination.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111223
Histopathological analysis demonstrates the presence of vaccine-derived spike protein in human cerebral arteries following mRNA vaccination.
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W. J. Sutton, Paul J. Branham, Yulanda M. Williamson, H. C. Cooper, Fabio N. Najjar, Carrie L. Pierce-Ruiz, J. R. Barr, Tracie L. Williams. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression from mRNA vaccines using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.044
Isotope dilution mass spectrometry confirms and quantifies the expression of spike proteins produced by mammalian cells transfected with mRNA vaccines.
Renan Galuzo, Thiago Lazari Machado, Ryann de Souza Nascimento, Jorvan Ramos de Medeiros, Luciana Neves Tubarão, Jane Silva, Vanessa Pimenta Rocha, Tamiris Azamor, Felipe Soares Coelho, Andréa Marques Vieira da Silva, Lorenna Carvalho da Rosa, Juliana Fernandes Amorim da Silva, Renata Tourinho Santos, Rodrigo Müller, C. B. S. Várady, A. P. D. Ano Bom, P. C. C. Neves, J. Melgaço. CLEC5A Activation in Inflammatory Monocytes: A Mechanism for Enhanced Adaptive Immunity Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in a Preclinical Study. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091233
In vitro and in vivo models show that mRNA vaccines successfully induce spike protein expression and subsequent immune activation.
Mörz M, Donzelli A, Clancy RL, Sano S, Fukushima M, Polykretis P. Detection of Vaccine-Derived Spike Protein Associated with Immune Cell Infiltration in the Heart and Liver: A Report of Two Cases.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15110978
Case reports document the synthesis of vaccine-derived spike protein in human tissues such as the heart and liver.
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