Lightning flashes and radio bursts arrive at different times due to propagation speed differences
Electromagnetic emissions from lightning flashes travel as radio waves that experience frequency-dependent dispersion and propagation delays, causing different signal components to arrive at different times.
The retrieved literature documents how lightning-generated radio signals (such as whistlers and dispersed pulses) experience delay dispersion as they propagate through media like the ionosphere or magnetosphere, meaning different frequency components arrive at different times due to propagation characteristics.
Kolmašová I, Santolík O, Manninen J. Whistler echo trains triggered by energetic winter lightning.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51684-0
Discusses how broadband lightning impulses propagate and disperse into whistlers over time due to frequency-dependent propagation speeds.
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Kolmašová I, Santolík O, Imai M, Kurth WS, Hospodarsky GB, Connerney JEP, Bolton SJ, Lán R. Lightning at Jupiter pulsates with a similar rhythm as in-cloud lightning at Earth.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38351-6
Notes that Jovian lightning produces dispersed radio pulses where different frequency components arrive at different times.
Imai M, Kolmašová I, Kurth WS, Santolík O, Hospodarsky GB, Gurnett DA, Brown ST, Bolton SJ, Connerney JEP, Levin SM. Evidence for low density holes in Jupiter's ionosphere.. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10708-w
Examines dispersed millisecond radio pulses from lightning showing distinct arrival delays corresponding to propagation characteristics.
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