All conscious experiences are successfully encoded and stored as memories.
The claim that all conscious experiences are successfully encoded and stored as memories is refuted by evidence showing that not all conscious or neural events lead to successful memory encoding or recall, and that dissociations frequently occur between conscious perception and memory storage.
Step 0 is passed because the claim is specific, empirical, and falsifiable. Examining the provided literature, paper [0] discusses dissociations where emotional responses happen without conscious experience, and paper [2] directly investigates memory traces (reactivation) occurring without overt recall, showing that memory storage and conscious awareness are dissociable and not universally guaranteed. Therefore, the claim is refuted by the understanding that memory encoding and conscious experiences do not map onto each other in a universal, infallible manner.
Richard D Lane. Neural Correlates of Conscious Emotional Experience. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195118889.003.0015
Paper [0] highlights that emotional behavior can occur without conscious emotional experience, demonstrating dissociations between experiential and other components.
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Griffiths BJ. Alpha Oscillations Track the Projection of Reactivated Memories into Conscious Awareness.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1487-25.2026
Paper [2] demonstrates that sensory cortical reactivation and memory traces can occur without resulting in overt recall or conscious re-experiencing, directly contradicting the idea that all experiences are successfully encoded and stored as accessible memories.
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