The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum was caused by natural greenhouse gas releases
Multiple paleoclimate studies confirm that the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum was driven by massive natural releases of greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and ocean.
The retrieved papers consistently support the claim that the PETM was caused by natural greenhouse gas injections (such as from methanogenic sources, organic carbon, or gas hydrates), providing strong geochemical and modeling evidence.
Tierney JE, Zhu J, Li M, Ridgwell A, Hakim GJ, Poulsen CJ, Whiteford RDM, Rae JWB, Kump LR. Spatial patterns of climate change across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205326119
Paper [0] analyzes the PETM as a natural greenhouse world analog driven by high greenhouse gas concentrations.
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G. R. Dickens. Methane release from gas hydrate systems during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past hyperthermal events: setting appropriate parameters for discussion. 2011. https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-1139-2011
Paper [1] discusses massive natural carbon input from seafloor gas hydrate dissociation during the PETM onset.
Babila TL, Penman DE, Standish CD, Doubrawa M, Bralower TJ, Robinson MM, Self-Trail JM, Speijer RP, Stassen P, Foster GL, Zachos JC. Surface ocean warming and acidification driven by rapid carbon release precedes Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg1025
Paper [2] links surface ocean warming and acidification to a rapid natural carbon release prior to the PETM.
Harper DT, Hönisch B, Bowen GJ, Zeebe RE, Haynes LL, Penman DE, Zachos JC. Long- and short-term coupling of sea surface temperature and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> during the late Paleocene and early Eocene.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2318779121
Paper [3] reconstructs CO2 and temperature coupling, indicating natural methanogenic or organic carbon sources drove PETM warming.
J. S. Eldrett, D. R. Greenwood, M. Polling, H. Brinkhuis, A. Sluijs. A seasonality trigger for carbon injection at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. 2013. https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-5837-2013
Paper [9] suggests seasonal extremes and natural environmental triggers led to the massive carbon injection during the PETM.
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