Certain organisms incorporate metal ions like iron and copper into their biological structures
Numerous biological studies and reviews confirm that living organisms incorporate essential metal ions such as iron and copper into their structures, enzymes, and proteins.
The claim is specific, empirical, and well-supported by multiple peer-reviewed papers demonstrating that organisms incorporate metal ions like iron and copper into biological structures (e.g., metalloproteins, cuproenzymes, and metal-sulfide centers). Therefore, the balance verdict is SUPPORTED.
Leilei Chen, Qing-qing Shen, Yingjuan Liu, Yunqi Zhang, Liping Sun, Xizhen Ma, Ning Song, Junxia Xie. Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-02071-0
Paper 0 details how essential metal ions like iron and copper are integrated into physiological processes within biological structures.
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K. Jomová, Suliman Y. Alomar, Richard Valko, E. Nepovimova, Kamil Kuča, Marian Valko. The role of redox-active iron, copper, manganese, and redox-inactive zinc in toxicity, oxidative stress, and human diseases. 2025. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2025-8449
Paper 1 discusses the key roles of redox-active metals such as iron and copper in vital cellular structures and functions.
Klaudia Jomova, Marianna Makova, Suliman Y Alomar, Saleh H Alwasel, Eugenie Nepovimova, Kamil Kuca, Christopher J Rhodes, Marian Valko. Essential metals in health and disease.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110173
Paper 7 identifies d-block transition metal elements like iron and copper as essential components for the correct functioning of biological organisms.
Jenifer Calvo, Hunmin Jung, Gabriele Meloni. Copper metallothioneins.. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1618
Paper 8 describes copper metallothioneins, which bind transition metals into specific structures to control homeostasis.
Martha E Sosa Torres, Peter M H Kroneck. Introduction: Transition Metals and Sulfur.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110589757-007
Paper 9 explains how transition metal ions are incorporated into active sites and sulfur-containing biological structures.
Biplab K Maiti, Luisa B Maia, José J G Moura. Sulfide and transition metals - A partnership for life.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111687
Paper 10 discusses how transition metals form structural metal-sulfide centers to fulfill physiological roles in living organisms.
B L O'Dell. Biochemistry of copper.. 1976. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31853-3
Paper 11 notes that copper acts as a structural component of numerous cuproenzymes crucial for physiological functions in humans and animals.
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