The typical European peasant diet in the High Middle Ages consisted largely of grains, legumes, and small amounts of meat.
Historical and archaeological evidence confirms that the typical European peasant diet during the Middle Ages was primarily composed of grains and legumes, supplemented occasionally by small amounts of meat or animal products.
The retrieved papers provide strong archaeological, archaeobotanical, and historical evidence showing that medieval peasant and monastic diets were heavily centered on cereals, grains, and vegetables (often consumed as stews or pottages), with meat acting as a secondary or occasional component. None of the papers refute this well-established historical consensus.
J. Dunne, A. Chapman, P. Blinkhorn, R. Evershed. Reconciling organic residue analysis, faunal, archaeobotanical and historical records: Diet and the medieval peasant at West Cotton, Raunds, Northamptonshire. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAS.2019.04.004
Archaeological and historical records from West Cotton demonstrate that medieval peasant diets relied heavily on grains, leafy vegetables, and stews supplemented by ruminant products.
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B F Harvey. Monastic Pittances in the Middle Ages. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273492.003.0015
Monastic and historical records show that daily meals centered around pottage made primarily from cereals and vegetables, with small quantities of meat, fish, or dairy.
Seabra L, Tente C, Vaz FC, Oliveira C, González Carretero L, Tereso JP. Crops on the Rocks: Production, Processing, and Storage at the Early Medieval Site of Senhora Do Barrocal (Municipality of Sátão, Central Portugal).. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040471
Excavations at medieval rural sites like Senhora do Barrocal reveal a massive presence of stored cereals (such as oat, rye, barley, and wheat), confirming their staple role in the diet.
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