Hydration of the hydrogen ion involves the formation of distinct cluster complexes like the Zundel and Eigen cations
The hydration of hydrogen ions is widely understood to involve distinct cluster complexes, prominently including the Zundel and Eigen cations, which form the foundation of aqueous proton solvation models.
The retrieved literature consistently acknowledges the Zundel and Eigen cations as foundational structural complexes in the hydration of the hydrogen ion, supporting the claim even as recent studies debate the prominence of additional intermediate states.
Mouhat F, Peria M, Morresi T, Vuilleumier R, Saitta AM, Casula M. Thermal dependence of the hydrated proton and optimal proton transfer in the protonated water hexamer.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42366-4
Discusses Zundel and Eigen configurations as fundamental structures in the hydration of protons and proton transfer in water.
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Yang X, Wu Y, Deng S, Liu L, Zhao H, Gao Y, Liu C. Unveiling the intermediate hydrated proton in water through vibrational analysis on the 1750 cm<sup>-1</sup> signature.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60794-2
Recognizes the Zundel and Eigen cations as the traditional foundation for understanding proton hydration, while noting additional intermediate structures.
Ma R, Qu C, Houston PL, Conte R, Nandi A, Bowman JM, Yu Q. Revisiting the H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> IR Spectrum with VSCF/VCI and the Influence of Mark Johnson's Experiments in Advancing the Theory of Protonated Water Clusters.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5c03748
Highlights the Zundel (H5O2+) and Eigen (H9O4+) cations as the central, well-established protonated water clusters studied extensively in experimental and theoretical work.
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