Rapid nitrogen inversion occurs in amines and related compounds
Rapid pyramidal inversion is a well-documented characteristic of amines and related compounds, presenting a significant barrier to isolating chiral nitrogen centers unless specifically restricted.
Multiple retrieved papers explicitly confirm that rapid pyramidal inversion occurs in amines and is responsible for the historical difficulty in isolating nitrogen-stereogenic compounds without structural constraints.
Zhu C, Das S, Sterling MS, Tsuji N, Léger SJ, Neese F, De CK, List B. The asymmetric synthesis of an acyclic N-stereogenic amine.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09905-z
Paper [2] notes that enantioselective approaches to acyclic N-stereogenic amines are hindered by their rapid pyramidal nitrogen inversion.
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Li YW, Mo NN, Zhang H, Wu JX, Han TJ, Xiao X, Wei D, Mei GJ. Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of Tröger's bases.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61772-4
Paper [3] states that the stereochemical course of tertiary amines has long been overlooked due to the low energy barriers for rapid pyramidal inversion between nitrogen-based conformers.
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