Hot air rises in columns rather than cold air pushing down
Hot, less dense fluid or air naturally rises in buoyant columns or plumes due to thermal expansion and density differences.
The retrieved literature consistently supports the physical principle that heated fluid or air becomes buoyant and rises in columns (plumes or upwellings) driven by temperature differences.
Noor Afzal. Mixed convection in a two-dimensional buoyant plume. 1981. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112081003248
Paper [0] models buoyant plumes rising from line heat sources.
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Prata AT, Folch A, Prata AJ, Biondi R, Brenot H, Cimarelli C, Corradini S, Lapierre J, Costa A. Anak Krakatau triggers volcanic freezer in the upper troposphere.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60465-w
Paper [1] discusses volcanic activity driving vigorous convective columns upward into the atmosphere.
Glišović P, Forte AM. Two deep-mantle sources for Paleocene doming and volcanism in the North Atlantic.. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816188116
Paper [3] examines hot, buoyant mantle plumes rising through the Earth's interior.
Antonio Cervantes, Ajinkya Desai, Tirtha Banerjee. Impact of Forest Canopy Structure on Buoyant Plume Dynamics During Wildland Fires. 2025. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8437629/v1
Paper [9] investigates buoyant plume dynamics and updrafts generated by surface thermal anomalies.
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