Trickle-down economics provides a net increase in living standards

The claim asserts that trickle-down economics provides a net increase in living standards. Retrieved papers examining the validity of trickle-down mechanisms, such as cross-country panel analyses (e.g., paper 0) and discussions of global inequality and policy consensus (e.g., paper 8), reject the validity of the trickle-down effect, showing instead that wealth accumulation at the top tends to exacerbate inequality rather than benefit lower-income groups. The remaining papers are largely tangential or focus on unrelated supply-side frameworks (such as health infrastructure, auditing, or localized credit). Thus, the evidence refutes the claim.