Eukaryotes contain overlapping genetic information
Multiple genomic studies confirm that eukaryotic genomes contain overlapping genes, open reading frames, and transcripts sharing common genomic sequences.
The retrieved literature thoroughly documents that eukaryotic genomes feature various forms of overlapping genetic information, including overlapping protein-coding genes, alternative splicing overlaps, and shared untranslated regions. Papers [2], [3], [4], [6], and [10] provide direct evidence supporting this phenomenon across various eukaryotic organisms such as humans, mice, and plants. There are no papers contradicting the claim.
Bradley W. Wright, M. Molloy, P. Jaschke. Overlapping genes in natural and engineered genomes. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00417-w
Reviews how overlapping genes, open reading frames, and coding sequences are widespread and functionally integrated into eukaryotic genomes.
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C. R. Sanna, Wen-Hsiung Li, Liqing Zhang. Overlapping genes in the human and mouse genomes. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-169
Identifies overlapping genes in human and mouse genomes, showing that about 10% of the genes under study are overlapping.
Anuj Kumar. An Overview of Nested Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00143-09
Discusses the organizational arrangement in eukaryotic genomes where gene-coding sequences overlap and genomic segments encode more than one gene product.
Jun-ichi Takeda, Yutaka Suzuki, Mitsuteru Nakao, R. Barrero, Kanako O. Koyanagi, Lihua Jin, C. Motono, H. Hata, T. Isogai, Keiichi Nagai, Tetsuji Otsuki, V. Kuryshev, M. Shionyu, K. Yura, M. Go, J. Thierry-Mieg, D. Thierry-Mieg, S. Wiemann, N. Nomura, S. Sugano, T. Gojobori, T. Imanishi. Large-scale identification and characterization of alternative splicing variants of human gene transcripts using 56 419 completely sequenced and manually annotated full-length cDNAs. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl507
Identifies alternative splicing patterns and overlapping protein coding sequences of different reading frames in human transcripts.
Natalia Ryczek, Aneta Łyś, Elżbieta Wanowska, Joanna Kozłowska-Masłoń, Izabela Makałowska. Mechanism of expression regulation of head-to-head overlapping protein-coding genes INO80E and HIRIP3. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-07815-4
Examines the existence and regulatory role of head-to-head overlapping protein-coding genes in eukaryotic genomes.
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