Historical religious and political frameworks drove negative attitudes toward homosexuality.
Historical, religious, and political frameworks heavily influence and drive negative societal and state-level attitudes toward homosexuality.
The retrieved papers provide robust evidence that political homophobia is intentionally leveraged by states and that cultural and religious frameworks (such as Confucian ethics or traditional family systems) underpin negative attitudes toward homosexuality. Therefore, the balance of evidence clearly supports the claim.
Michael J. Bosia, Meredith L. Weiss. Political Homophobia in Comparative Perspective. 2017. https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0001
Paper [6] discusses political homophobia as a state strategy and tool for building collective identity.
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Marc Epprecht. Africa's New Political Homophobia. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2014.113.763.203
Paper [9] highlights how anti-gay laws and political homophobia are utilized by state actors to scapegoat sexual minorities.
Zhang H, Ouyang Y, Deng X, Zhong S, Luo C, Yang C. What leads to prejudice against homosexuality in China?-familism, filial piety, and gender role attitudes in a Confucian cultural context.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1749610
Paper [11] demonstrates how cultural frameworks like Confucian ethics, family systems, and patriarchal gender orders drive negative attitudes toward homosexuality.
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