Docking involves an active spacecraft capturing a passive target using a latching mechanism, whereas berthing uses robotic arms to position and secure a payload
The retrieved aerospace literature supports the distinction that docking utilizes active mechanical mechanisms for spacecraft joining, while berthing relies on robotic arms to position and secure payloads.
The provided literature consistently distinguishes between docking mechanisms (active/passive alignment for direct spacecraft connection) and berthing operations (using robotic arms to maneuver and secure payloads).
Zhang J, Li J, Zhao C, Wang K, Lv C. Structural design, accuracy analysis, and mechanical calibration of a small two-component docking mechanism for large loads in space.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88757-z
Paper 4 discusses a dual-component docking mechanism designed for active capture and large load assembly using active and passive sides.
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Derek J. Krebs, Bijan I. Nejad. Dynamics of Shuttle Berthing to Space Station Freedom. 1992. https://doi.org/10.4271/922020
Paper 6 describes berthing utilizing robotic arms (Remote Manipulator System) to connect spacecraft payloads.
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