Greenhouse gases significantly increase ocean temperatures
Multiple studies using multi-model ensembles and detection-attribution frameworks demonstrate that greenhouse gases significantly increase ocean temperatures and heat storage.
The retrieved papers consistently provide strong empirical support and multi-model attribution analyses showing that greenhouse gas forcing is a primary driver of historical and projected ocean warming. There are no papers contradicting the claim.
Warren B. White, Daniel R. Cayan, Judith Lean. Global upper ocean heat storage response to radiative forcing from changing solar irradiance and increasing greenhouse gas/aerosol concentrations. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1029/98jc01477
Paper [2] links the 0.15 K increase in global average upper ocean depth-weighted temperature from 1955 to 1996 to increased atmospheric greenhouse gas and aerosol surface radiative forcing.
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K. Tokarska, G. Hegerl, A. Schurer, A. Ribes, J. Fasullo. Quantifying human contributions to past and future ocean warming and thermosteric sea level rise. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab23c1
Paper [3] uses a detection and attribution framework to show that historical ocean warming is detectable and attributable to greenhouse gas forcing and aggregate anthropogenic forcing.
Wenrong Bai, Hailong Liu, P. Lin, Shijian Hu, Fan Wang. Indo-Pacific warm pool present warming attribution and future projection constraint. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5edf
Paper [4] finds that more than 95% of the rapid warming and 85% expansion of the observed Indo-Pacific warm pool are attributable to human influence, specifically greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols.
E. Weller, S. Min, M. Palmer, Donghyun Lee, B. Yim, S. Yeh. Multi-model attribution of upper-ocean temperature changes using an isothermal approach. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26926
Paper [6] demonstrates that human-induced climate forcings, such as increasing greenhouse gases, have influenced global ocean heat content predominantly via changes in air-sea heat fluxes.
Dong L, Wang Z, Wu L, Song F, Santoso A, Zhang W, Zhou T. Emergence of the enhanced equatorial Atlantic warming as a fingerprint of global warming.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-68015-6
Paper [8] shows that enhanced equatorial warming in the Atlantic since the 1950s is primarily attributed to greenhouse gas forcing.
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