Underwater currents impose a measurable physical force
Multiple studies demonstrate that underwater currents exert measurable physical forces, such as drag and hydrodynamic pressure, capable of eroding materials and affecting submerged structures.
The claim that underwater currents impose a measurable physical force is a specific, empirical statement about fluid dynamics. Papers [1], [7], and [9] directly measure or model hydrodynamic forces, drag, and erosion caused by underwater currents.
Huang H, Yang Z, Liu J, Pang J, Wu Z, Wen H, Li S. Hydrodynamic Efficiency and Wake Interactions in Fish School Swimming.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040278
Paper [1] demonstrates that underwater currents and flow fields generate distinct hydrodynamic forces, such as wake capture and blocking effects, that directly impact swimming bodies.
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Liu W, Min M, Nyatchouba BTN, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang L. Estimating dynamic behavior of trawl codend based on machine learning models.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27276-3
Paper [7] measures the physical drag forces and fluttering amplitudes exerted by water currents on submerged trawl codends.
Germinario L, McLelland SJ, Mazzoli C. Underwater cultural heritage and extreme events: Storm impacts under climate change.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2523844123
Paper [9] shows that high-intensity currents generated during storms exert measurable physical forces capable of eroding stone and causing material loss on underwater heritage.
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