Antivenom is manufactured using sheep blood.
Antivenom is commonly manufactured using antibodies harvested from the blood (serum) of hyperimmunized animals such as sheep, horses, and goats.
The retrieved papers consistently demonstrate that antivenoms are frequently produced by immunizing sheep and utilizing their blood plasma/serum (ovine antisera) as the foundational starting material. Therefore, the claim is strongly supported.
F M S Bolton, N R Casewell, I Al‐Abdulla, J Landon. Production and assessment of ovine antisera for the manufacture of a veterinary adder antivenom. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.102286
Studies describe the production of ovine (sheep) antisera for manufacturing snake antivenom.
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Nicklaus Brandehoff, Meghan Spyres. Antivenom Therapy: History, Production, and Emerging Innovations.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1177/10806032261423047
Reviews confirm that modern antivenom manufacturing involves refining polyclonal antibodies derived from animals such as sheep, horses, or goats.
Ibrahim Al-Abdulla, Nicholas R Casewell, John Landon. Single-reagent one-step procedures for the purification of ovine IgG, F(ab')2 and Fab antivenoms by caprylic acid.. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2013.11.001
Details the purification of ovine IgG and antibody fragments (which are derived from sheep blood) to manufacture antivenoms.
D C Smith, K R Reddi, G Laing, R G Theakston, J Landon. An affinity purified ovine antivenom for the treatment of Vipera berus envenoming.. 1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90384-h
Describes the development of an ovine (sheep) antivenom utilizing sheep blood/antisera for treating adder envenoming.
G D Laing, L Lee, D C Smith, J Landon, R D Theakston. Experimental assessment of a new, low-cost antivenom for treatment of carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) envenoming.. 1995. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(94)00175-8
Outlines the production of a low-cost ovine antivenom using sheep antiserum.
Sunil Chhatre, Richard Francis, Anthony R Newcombe, Yuhong Zhou, Nigel Titchener-Hooker, Josh King, Eli Keshavarz-Moore. Global Sensitivity Analysis for the determination of parameter importance in bio-manufacturing processes.. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1042/BA20070228
Discusses the biomanufacturing process for an ovine-derived rattlesnake antivenom (CroFab) starting from hyperimmunized ovine serum.
Arsen Kishmiryan, Gevorg Ghukasyan, Lusine Ghulikyan, Anna Darbinyan, Lilia Parseghyan, Armen Voskanyan, Naira M Ayvazyan. The development and evaluation of the efficacy of ovine-derived experimental antivenom immunoserum against Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (MLO) venom.. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33747434/
Demonstrates the processing and development of an ovine-derived antibody serum (sheep blood products) against viper venom.
S Rawat, G Laing, D C Smith, D Theakston, J Landon. A new antivenom to treat eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) envenoming.. 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(94)90107-4
Evaluates an ovine-based (sheep) Fab antivenom preparation compared to commercial alternatives.
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