The unification of fundamental forces means they share a single gauge symmetry group at high energy scales.
The concept of force unification in particle physics posits that distinct fundamental interactions share a single, larger gauge symmetry group at high energy scales, which is supported by Grand Unified Theory frameworks.
The retrieved papers include prominent discussions on Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) and extended gauge models where multiple fundamental forces or interactions converge into a single gauge symmetry group at high energy scales. Papers [1], [4], and [5] directly support this theoretical mechanism. The other papers discuss unrelated topics like quantum simulation, condensed matter software, or thermodynamics, and are therefore omitted.
Corianò C, Melle D. The <i>SU</i>(3)<i><sub>C</sub></i> × <i>SU</i>(3)<i><sub>L</sub></i> × <i>U</i>(1)<i><sub>X</sub></i> (331) Model: Addressing the Fermion Families Problem within Horizontal Anomalies Cancellation.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26050420
Paper [1] discusses the unification of gauge interactions into a larger symmetry group at high energy scales.
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Mastoridis D, Kalogirou K, Razis P. Topological Grand Unification: Confinement and Electroweak Physics from <em>U</em>(4). 2026. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.2071.v3
Paper [4] presents a Grand Unified Theory framework where gauge couplings unify at high energy scales through a single gauge group.
Mastoridis D, Kalogirou K, Razis P. Topological Grand Unification: Confinement and Electroweak Physics from U(4). 2026. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.2071.v1
Paper [5] similarly details a Grand Unified Theory based on a unified gauge group structure at high energy scales.
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