Dietary carbohydrates are inherently more fattening than other macronutrients

The specific and falsifiable claim that carbohydrates are inherently more fattening than other macronutrients is evaluated against the provided clinical and metabolic studies. Multiple controlled feeding studies, notably rigorous inpatient trials (e.g., Hall et al., 2020 / paper [6]), show that when diets are matched for protein and calories, low-fat/high-carbohydrate diets result in greater fat loss compared to low-carbohydrate/ketogenic diets. Furthermore, broader reviews (paper [10]) confirm that when calorie intake is equated, macronutrient composition does not inherently dictate weight differences, directly refuting the 'carbohydrate-insulin model' or the premise of inherent carbohydrate fattening. None of the papers provide reliable evidence supporting the claim over energy balance. Therefore, the balance verdict is REFUTED.