COVID-19 primarily spreads through airborne transmission
Multiple studies demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted significantly via airborne aerosols generated during normal breathing, speaking, coughing, and medical procedures, supporting the premise that airborne spread is a primary transmission route.
The retrieved literature consistently emphasizes the role of aerosols and airborne pathways in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, supporting the claim that COVID-19 primarily spreads through airborne routes. None of the provided papers refute this conclusion.
N. Wilson, G. Marks, A. Eckhardt, A. Clarke, F. Young, F. Garden, W. Stewart, T. Cook, E. Tovey. The effect of respiratory activity, non‐invasive respiratory support and facemasks on aerosol generation and its relevance to COVID‐19. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15475
Paper [0] measures exhaled aerosols and emphasizes the high transmission risk posed by respirable aerosols and respiratory activities.
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Ali Hosseinpour Shafaghi, Farzad Rokhsar Talabazar, Ali Koşar, Morteza Ghorbani. On the Effect of the Respiratory Droplet Generation Condition on COVID-19 Transmission. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030113
Paper [1] uses numerical modeling to study respiratory droplet and aerosol generation and dispersal mechanisms in COVID-19 transmission.
Hau D. Le, G. Novak, K. Janek, Jesse Wang, Khang N. Huynh, Chris Myer, A. Weinstein, E. Oberstar, Jim Rasmussen, T. Bertram. A novel box for aerosol and droplet guarding and evacuation in respiratory infection (BADGER) for COVID-19 and future outbreaks. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82675-6
Paper [3] highlights airborne spread as a main route of transmission alongside droplet and contact routes.
Meng Chi, Changming Lou, Xiuli Zhao, Xin Sui, Fei Han. A simple custom appliance against droplet and aerosol transmission of COVID-19 during advanced airway management. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02985-5
Paper [5] notes that the COVID-19 virus tends to be transmitted in the air by droplets and aerosols during advanced airway management.
Lakshman Samaranayake. COVID-19 and Dentistry: Aerosol and Droplet Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and Its Infectivity in Clinical Settings. 2020. https://doi.org/10.12968/denu.2020.47.7.600
Paper [6] outlines the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through aerosols and droplets in clinical settings.
R. Bale, M. Tsubokura. Leveraging the Supercomputer Fugaku for the Assessment of Droplet/Aerosol Transmission Risks in COVID‐19 Mitigation Efforts. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/tee.24091
Paper [7] discusses quantitative analyses of COVID-19 aerosol transmission using supercomputer simulations to assess public health risks.
Desai G, Goldman E, Jordan W, Balarashti J, Caravanos J, Edgar R, Grignard E, Ramachandran G, Mainelis G. Inactivation of airborne pathogen surrogates by triethylene glycol.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02335-25
Paper [10] notes that the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the critical importance of airborne transmission in spreading human infectious diseases.
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