Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is primarily driven by a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction leading to relative insulin deficiency.
The retrieved papers consistently confirm that type 2 diabetes mellitus results from a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion (relative insulin deficiency). Multiple reviews and pathophysiology studies explicitly support this foundational endocrinology consensus.
Unai Galicia-García, Asier Benito‐Vicente, Shifa Jebari, Asier Larrea‐Sebal, Haziq Siddiqi, Kepa B. Uribe, Helena Ostolaza, César Martı́n. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275
Paper [0] states that type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by defective insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and the inability of tissues to respond to insulin.
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Arun Chaudhury, Chitharanjan Duvoor, Vijaya Sena Dendi, Shashank Kraleti, Aditya Chada, Rahul Ravilla, Asween Marco, Nawal S. Shekhawat, Maria Theresa E. Montales, Kevin Kuriakose, Appalanaidu Sasapu, Alexandria Beebe, Naveen Patil, Chaitanya K. Musham, Govinda Lohani, Wasique Mirza. Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00006
Paper [3] notes that impaired insulin secretion, resistance to tissue actions of insulin, or a combination of both contribute to the pathophysiology of T2DM.
Ozougwu Ozougwu. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2013. https://doi.org/10.5897/jpap2013.0001
Paper [5] explains that type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance.
Lim S, Lee SH, Eckel RH. Revisiting Insulin Resistance in the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Multi-Organ Perspective.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2026.0492
Paper [9] highlights insulin resistance as a central pathophysiological driver of type 2 diabetes mellitus alongside metabolic disturbances.
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