Certain vaccines confer only short-term protection due to rapid waning of neutralizing antibodies
Multiple studies consistently demonstrate that vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody levels and clinical efficacy decline over time, necessitating booster doses to maintain protection.
The claim that certain vaccines confer only short-term protection due to rapid antibody waning is strongly supported by recent literature on COVID-19 and respiratory vaccines, which document significant declines in antibody titers and efficacy within months. No retrieved papers refute this claim.
Biswas R, Roy A, Kayal T, Basu S, Ghosh S, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2026.2626088
Paper 0 notes that immunity and efficacy against diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza decrease over time, with short-term booster effects.
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Daniel J. Phillips, Maria D. Christodoulou, Shuo Feng, Andrew J. Pollard, Merryn Voysey, David Steinsaltz. Improved estimates of COVID-19 correlates of protection, antibody decay and vaccine efficacy waning: a joint modelling approach. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.02.24309776
Paper 6 demonstrates that vaccine efficacy and anti-spike IgG antibody levels against COVID-19 wane significantly within months of vaccination.
Demirel Ç, Kibar F, Dağlıoğlu G, Çetiner S, Candevir A, İnal AS, Yücel Karakaya SP, Görüroğlu Öztürk Ö, Gümüş HH, İnal TC. Long-Term Durability and Dynamics of Anti-S-RBD IgG Response in Healthcare Workers: A Comparative Analysis of Homologous and Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Schedules in a 1-Year Serial Cross-Sectional Study.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.952930
Paper 8 highlights that antibody titers wane significantly over time in mRNA-vaccinated individuals, necessitating booster strategies.
Poh XY, Mah SYY, Yeoh AYY, Chavatte JM, Lim DRX, Tan CCY, Tang HL, Gandhi M, Rahman N, Rao S, Chia PY, Sadarangani SP, Chin YQ, Ng LFP, Renia L, Lin RTP, Lye DC, Wang LF, Tan CW, Young BE. NVX-CoV2372, monovalent mRNA and bivalent mRNA vaccines elicit broadly cross-reactive antibodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2026.2638022
Paper 10 finds that neutralizing antibody levels against variants wane significantly by 12 months post-vaccination.
Gurkšnienė V, Alčauskas T, Karosienė D, Urbonienė J, Majauskaitė F, Paulauskas M, Zablockienė B, Vitkus D, Jančorienė L. Dynamics and Protective Effectiveness of Serological Testing Among Healthcare Workers Vaccinated Against COVID-19.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62050810
Paper 11 shows that antibody titers peak initially and then decline sharply over subsequent quarters, illustrating antibody waning.
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