There is a statistically significant relationship between vaccine openness and levels of education
Multiple empirical studies demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between educational attainment and openness to vaccination, with higher education generally corresponding to greater vaccine acceptance.
The retrieved literature consistently identifies education level as a significant predictor or correlate of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy across various populations and vaccine types (e.g., COVID-19, HPV, mpox, and general immunizations). Numerous cross-sectional studies report statistically significant associations between higher education and positive attitudes toward vaccination or higher uptake. There are no papers refuting this general statistical relationship, leading to a verdict of SUPPORTED.
R. Shekhar, A. Sheikh, Shubhra Upadhyay, Mriganka Singh, Saket Kottewar, Hamza Mir, E. Barrett, S. Pal. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the United States. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.03.21249184
The study found that COVID-19 vaccine acceptance increased with increasing education levels among healthcare workers.
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Elisabeth W Andersen, Paige E. Kulie, A. Castel, Jose Lucar, Debra A Benator, Alan E. Greenberg, Anne K. Monroe. Mpox Awareness, Risk Reduction, and Vaccine Acceptance among People with HIV in Washington, DC. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020124
Results showed that vaccination groups differed significantly by education level and that education was significantly associated with vaccination status.
S. Urazayeva, S. Kurmangaliyeva, A. Kaliyev, K. Tussupkaliyeva, A. Issimov, A. Urazayeva, Zhuldyz K. Tashimova, N. Mussin, T. Begalin, A. A. Amanshiyeva, G. Z. Nurmaganbetova, Shara M. Nurmukhamedova, S. Balmagambetova. Attitude toward vaccination against COVID-19 and acceptance of the national “QazVac” vaccine in the Aktobe city population, West Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional survey. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303854
Individuals with a college education showed positive attitudes toward vaccination.
R. Lolong, J. Rawis, Jeffry Lengkong, V. Rotty, Krety Debora Welong. The Level of Education, Knowledge, Attitudes and Acceptance of the Covid-19 Vaccine in the North Sulawesi Community. 2023. https://doi.org/10.62711/ijite.v2i3.127
The analysis revealed that education level was significantly correlated with vaccination acceptance, where lower education was linked to incomplete vaccination.
H. Hejaz, Raghad A Fallah, Rawand Al- Jabari, Duha Z Abdeen, Maha Jabari. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Acceptance toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine. 2021. https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2021.v10i12.003
Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines was shown to be affected by several factors, including education level.
Pazziwagan CMB, Borillo EB. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Assessment of Unvaccinated Adult In-patients Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination in a Tertiary Hospital in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines: A Cross-sectional Study.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.10612
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding vaccination statistically differed specifically in those with higher educational attainment.
Magi CE, Poliani A, Campoli A, Marcomini I, Villa G, Bambi S, Rasero L, Iovino P, Longobucco Y. Characteristics of Vaccine-Hesitant and Nonhesitant Parents in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Study.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1097/nnr.0000000000000890
Vaccine hesitancy among parents was significantly associated with lower educational attainment.
Potamianou E, Dimitriadou I, Saridi M, Toska A, Fradelos EC, Theofilou P, Papagiannis D. Vaccination Uptake and Patient Perceptions Among Haemodialysis Patients: Insights From a Cross-Sectional Study.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.70039
Higher educational attainment was significantly associated with greater vaccine uptake among hemodialysis patients.
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