Mouthwash use has significant health hazards
Mouthwash formulations, particularly conventional chemical agents like chlorhexidine, can produce adverse side effects, cytotoxicity, and microbial dysbiosis, supporting concerns regarding their health hazards.
The retrieved papers consistently document that standard antiseptic mouthwashes, especially chlorhexidine, carry documented side effects such as cytotoxicity, metabolic stress on cells, and disruption of oral microbial homeostasis. While these mouthwashes are effective against pathogens, these biological trade-offs support the claim that their use entails notable health hazards and drawbacks.
Rocco S, Tempesta AA, Aluisio GV, Mezzatesta ML, Romano A, Schiavo V, Pergolizzi B, Santagati M, Panuzzo C, Isola G. <b>Antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of chlorhexidine combined with sodium DNA on oral microorganisms: an <i>in vitro</i> study using</b> <i><b>Dictyostelium discoideum</b></i>.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2025.2595797
Highlights that chlorhexidine mouthwash can cause significant side effects and cytotoxicity.
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Angjelova A, Jovanova E, Polizzi A, Leonardi R, Isola G. Effects of Antiseptic Formulations on Oral Microbiota and Related Systemic Diseases: A Scoping Review.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080815
Indicates that oral antiseptics can disrupt microbial homeostasis and potentially contribute to systemic health implications.
Lile IE, Samoilă AOJ, Cojocariu C, Tapalagă G, Oláh NK, Stana OL, Berari A, Marian D. Comparative Clinical Evaluation of Chamomile, Sage, and Ginger Mouthwashes in Reducing Plaque and Gingival Inflammation.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15050433
Notes that conventional mouthwashes like chlorhexidine possess drawbacks that limit their long-term acceptability, leading to interest in biocompatible alternatives.
Menat A, Rozan C, Barroso H, Proença L, Salema-Oom M, Botelho J, Zhiri A, Manso AC. Effect of a tea tree oil mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis when comparing to chlorhexidine: an exploratory randomised clinical trial.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2026.1727735
States that prolonged use of chlorhexidine is associated with undesirable side effects, motivating the search for safer alternatives.
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