Specific thermodynamic and electronic factors determine the keto-enol tautomeric ratio in carbonyl compounds
Multiple studies using thermodynamic measurements and electronic calculations confirm that specific energetic and electronic factors dictate the keto-enol tautomeric ratio.
All five papers provide direct evidence that thermodynamic parameters (enthalpies, solvent effects, ring strain) and electronic factors (substituent effects, Hammett correlations) control keto-enol tautomerism and equilibrium ratios.
Max T. Rogers, Jane L. Burdett. KETO–ENOL TAUTOMERISM IN β-DICARBONYLS STUDIED BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY: II. SOLVENT EFFECTS ON PROTON CHEMICAL SHIFTS AND ON EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS. 1965. https://doi.org/10.1139/v65-202
Demonstrates that solvent effects and hydrogen bonding alter the keto-enol equilibrium constant.
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Jack Hine, Kazushi Arata. Keto-Enol Tautomerism. II. The Calorimetrical Determination of the Equilibrium Constants for Keto-Enol Tautomerism for Cyclohexanone and Acetone. 1976. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.49.3089
Utilizes calorimetric measurements of enthalpies to determine thermodynamic equilibrium constants for keto-enol tautomerism.
Jack Hine, Kazushi Arata. Keto-Enol Tautomerism. I. The Calorimetrical Determination of the Equilibrium Constant for Keto-Enol Tautomerism for Cyclopentanone. 1976. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.49.3085
Calculates specific thermodynamic values like enthalpy for the ketonization and enol content of cyclopentanone.
Xudong Yao, Ralph M Pollack. Electronic effects on enol acidity and keto-enol equilibrium constants for ring-substituted 2-tetralones. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1139/v99-006
Shows through Hammett plots that electronic substituent effects directly influence keto-enol equilibrium constants.
Luqman Idd Juma, Rene Costa. A density functional theory study of keto-enol tautomerism in 1,2-cyclodiones: Substituent effects on reactivity and thermodynamic stability. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/17475198241305254
Uses density functional theory to confirm that substituents and thermodynamic stability dictate keto-enol tautomerism.
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