Mars mantle is heterogeneous and reflects specific mantle convection processes
Geological and isotopic evidence from Martian meteorites and thermal modeling supports the conclusion that the Martian mantle is heterogeneous and shaped by active mantle convection processes.
Papers [0] and [6] directly discuss mantle convection, partial melting, and geochemical heterogeneities within the Martian interior, directly supporting the claim.
Costa MM, Jensen NK, Bouvier LC, Connelly JN, Mikouchi T, Horstwood MSA, Suuronen JP, Moynier F, Deng Z, Agranier A, Martin LAJ, Johnson TE, Nemchin AA, Bizzarro M. The internal structure and geodynamics of Mars inferred from a 4.2-Gyr zircon record.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016326117
The paper notes that the presence of distinct volcanic provinces and specific Hf-isotope compositions indicate a primitive and convecting mantle reservoir alongside deep-seated mantle plumes on Mars.
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Mitchell RN. Dichotomy in crustal melting on early Mars inferred from antipodal effect.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100280
The study demonstrates that mantle convection played a key role in modifying the Martian crust and supplying necessary heat and partial melt distributions.
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