Genetic and metabolic differences explain why some people experience no drug side effects.

Mustafa Adnan Malki, Ewan Robert Pearson. Drug–drug–gene interactions and adverse drug reactions. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-019-0122-0

Shows that individual genetic variation alters drug-drug-gene interactions and adverse drug reactions.

B. Cross, R. Turner, J. E. Zhang, M. Pirmohamed. Being precise with anticoagulation to reduce adverse drug reactions: are we there yet?. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-024-00329-y

Reviews genetic factors contributing to interindividual variability in anticoagulant response and adverse events.

H. Shichi, D. Nebert. Genetic differences in drug metabolism associated with ocular toxicity.. 1982. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8244107

Demonstrates that genetic differences in drug-metabolizing enzymes are related to drug-induced toxicities.

E. Magavern, Maia Megase, Jack Thompson, G. Marengo, Julius O. B. Jacobsen, Damian Smedley, Mark J. Caulfield. Pharmacogenetics and adverse drug reports: Insights from a United Kingdom national pharmacovigilance database. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004565

Notes that genetic variation contributes significantly to variability in medication response and adverse drug reactions.

Yating Wang, Jiefeng Li, Xu Wang, Wenda Wu, E. Nepovimova, Qinghua Wu, K. Kuča. Deoxynivalenol and its modified forms: key enzymes, inter-individual and interspecies differences in metabolism. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2022.2088786

Discusses interindividual differences in the metabolism of toxins and drugs.

O. Anunobi. Pharmacogenomics as a Tool in Addressing Genetic VariationDependent Adverse Drug Reactions. 2024. https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i1b.5

Notes that genetic variables and polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes are predictors of adverse drug reactions.

Roman Tremmel, Filippa Schreeck, Simon Jaeger, S. Schricker, E. Schaeffeler, S. Igel, Daniela Steinberger, M. Pagitz, J. Latus, Markus Ketteler, Kerstin Bühl, Marc H. Dahlke, Hans-Georg Kopp, M. Schwab. Clinical Implementation of Pharmacogenomics and Drug–Drug Interaction Screening in a German Academic Teaching Hospital and Outpatient Follow‐Up. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70083

Shows that functional variants in genes affecting drug metabolism help explain variability in drug response and side effects.

Tushar R. Chandan, C. Patil, Vitthal B. Kundgir, Kavita Chaudhari, Rushikesh L. Bachhav, Mayur S. Bhamare, Sharwari K. Sonawane, Sunil K. Mahajan. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine: A Revolution in Drug Therapy. 2025. https://doi.org/10.52711/2321-5836.2025.00048

Explores how genetic makeup influences response to medications, adverse reactions, and metabolism.

S. M. Ahire, P. Pawar, V. Sonawane, S. Jadhav. Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics: Impact of Genetic variation on Drug Response and Individualized Therapy - A Review. 2026. https://doi.org/10.52711/2231-5713.2026.00013

Examines how genetic polymorphisms and pharmacogenes influence interindividual variability in drug metabolism and toxicity.

Maral Baghai Arassi, N. Karcher, Eleonora Mastrorilli, Matthias W. Gross, Amber Brauer-Nikonow, Raymund Hackett, D. Czock, B. Tönshoff, G. Zeller, Michael Zimmermann. Unraveling interindividual differences and functional consequences of gut microbial metabolism of immunosuppressants. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.28.586928

Demonstrates that gut microbiome and metabolic differences play a major role in interpatient variability in drug pharmacokinetics.

T. Božina, L. Šimičević, L. Ganoci, M. Lovrić, I. Klarica Domjanović, V. Trkulja, Nada Božina. ABCG2 Genetic Variability in Drug Exposure and Toxicity: Implications for Clinical Practice. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14040327

Indicates that genetic variability in transporters contributes to interindividual differences in drug response and toxicity.