Turbostratic graphite phases are formed by turbostratic stacking disorder.

Mahmood F, Mbeugang CFM, Asghar F, Xie X, Lin D, Liu D, Li B. Understanding the Synthesis of Turbostratic/Flash Graphene via Joule Heating.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122892

This review highlights the fundamental structural differences of turbostratic graphene and the mechanisms of its synthesis.

Prokopiev AR, Loskin NN, Vinokurov PV. Synthesis of Turbostratic Graphene with Micron-Sized Domains from Activated Charcoal by Fast Joule Heating.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241885

Fast Joule heating of activated charcoal triggers a phase transition to graphene where turbostratic layer stacking is confirmed via XRD and Raman spectroscopy.

Sabouni H, Jalilov AS. Glucose-Derived Fluorescent Carbon Dots: Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Structural Evolution.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10604

Pyrolysis temperature increases promote carbonization and the evolution from amorphous to turbostratic graphitic structures.

Zhou T, Arumugam D, Abeykoon AMM, Kwon G, Lin CH, Zhang L, Teng X. Intercalation-Induced Amorphization Boosts Aqueous Magnesium-Ion Storage.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c03477

Debye scattering simulations indicate that intercalation-induced turbostratic disorder, involving random rotations and translational shifts of adjacent molecular layers, leads to structural amorphization.