Prenatal testosterone exposure is regulated by maternal physiology and fetal genetics
Evidence from clinical and animal studies shows that prenatal testosterone exposure is significantly shaped and regulated by maternal physiological factors as well as fetal and genetic characteristics.
The claim states that prenatal testosterone exposure is regulated by maternal physiology and fetal genetics. Papers 0, 1, 5, and 10 provide robust evidence demonstrating that maternal factors (hormones, metabolism, and placental function) and fetal/genetic factors (such as steroidogenic genes and fetal sex differences) jointly regulate testosterone levels and action during gestation.
C. H. Rodeck, D. Gill, D. A. Rosenberg, W. P. Collins. Testosterone levels in midtrimester maternal and fetal plasma and amniotic fluid. 1985. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970050303
Demonstrates differences in testosterone levels between maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, and fetal plasma, reflecting maternal and fetal physiological contributions.
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G. Pointis, M.T. Latreille, M.O. Richard, P. D’Athis, L. Cedard. Effect of Maternal Progesterone Exposure on Fetal Testosterone in Mice. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1159/000242005
Shows that maternal exposure to exogenous compounds like progesterone alters fetal testosterone levels, supporting maternal physiological regulation.
David H Abbott, Jon E Levine, Phillip A Dumesic, Vasantha Padmanabhan, Daniel A Dumesic. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: ORIGINS AND IMPLICATIONS: Gestational anti-Müllerian hormone and testosterone excess combined with maternal adiposity program for polycystic ovary syndrome.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-25-0120
Discusses how maternal metabolic traits and PCOS risk genes regulating androgen biosynthesis interact to influence fetal hormone exposure.
Brooke Tata, Nour El Houda Mimouni, Anne-Laure Barbotin, Samuel A Malone, Anne Loyens, Pascal Pigny, Didier Dewailly, Sophie Catteau-Jonard, Inger Sundström-Poromaa, Terhi T Piltonen, Federica Dal Bello, Claudio Medana, Vincent Prevot, Jerome Clasadonte, Paolo Giacobini. Elevated prenatal anti-Müllerian hormone reprograms the fetus and induces polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood.. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0035-5
Indicates that maternal factors (such as elevated AMH during pregnancy) drive fetal testosterone excess and neuroendocrine programming.
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