Subsurface wave speeds can be determined without subsurface sensors
Subsurface wave speeds can indeed be determined without burying subsurface sensors, as demonstrated by passive seismic methods, ambient noise tomography, and distributed acoustic sensing using surface arrays.
The claim states that subsurface wave speeds can be determined without subsurface sensors. Multiple papers (such as [0], [1], and [2]) demonstrate determining subsurface shear-wave velocity profiles using surface-based passive seismic methods, ambient noise tomography, and surface fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing without requiring invasive subsurface sensors. Therefore, the claim is well-supported by the literature.
F Ikhsan, Tedi Yudistira. Shear Wave Velocity Structure Construction Using Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography (ANT) In Palu, Central Sulawesi. 2020. https://doi.org/10.36435/jgf.v17i2.413
Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography is used to determine shear wave velocity structures across Palu using surface station recordings without needing invasive subsurface borehole sensors.
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Dal Moro G. Efficient 2D shear-wave velocity subsurface profiling via passive multi-component seismic data.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-55658-8
Passive multi-component seismic data analysis from linear surface arrays is used to efficiently profile 2D subsurface shear-wave velocity structures.
Chang L, Wang W, Yan K, Lv H, Yang B, Wang X, Yang F. Profiling Long-Distance Urban Near-Surface Structures with Temporary Fiber-Optic Sensing in Jinan City, China.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26103118
Mobile surface-cable Distributed Acoustic Sensing records ambient noise and traffic to reliably map high-resolution 2D S-wave velocity profiles without burying sensors.
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