The hole in the ozone layer was caused by chlorofluorocarbons
Extensive scientific research and international consensus strongly support the conclusion that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were the primary driver of the hole in the ozone layer.
The vast majority of scientific papers, review articles, and historical milestones confirm the established consensus that anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) release chlorine atoms into the stratosphere, leading to severe catalytic destruction of ozone and creating the ozone hole.
S. S. Dhomse, W. Feng, S. A. Montzka, R. Hossaini, J. Keeble, J. A. Pyle, J. S. Daniel, M. P. Chipperfield. Delay in recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole from unexpected CFC-11 emissions. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13717-x
Evaluates ongoing Antarctic ozone recovery in the context of chlorinated source gas emissions like CFC-11.
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F. Sherwood Rowland. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Chlorofluorocarbons (Nobel Lecture). 1996. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199617861
Highlights the Nobel-winning work demonstrating the role of chlorofluorocarbons in stratospheric ozone depletion.
F. Sherwood Rowland. Chlorofluorocarbons, Stratospheric Ozone, and the Antarctic ‘Ozone Hole’. 1988. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900028897
Discusses the historic and ongoing scientific consensus regarding CFCs as destroyers of the stratospheric ozone layer.
Stephen A. Montzka. Source Gases that Affect Stratospheric Ozone. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849733182-00033
Examines how international policies addressing ozone-depleting substances like CFCs have successfully driven initial atmospheric recovery.
Elinor Tuffnell, Emma Leedham-Elvidge, W. Sturges, H. Boenisch, Karina E. Adcock, P. Fraser, P. Krummel, D. Oram, R. Langenfelds, T. Röckmann, L. Western, J. Mühle, J. Laube. Observationally-derived Fractional Release Factors, Ozone Depletion Potentials, and Stratospheric Lifetimes of Four Long-Lived CFCs: CFC-13 (CClF <sub>3</sub> ), CFC-114 (C <sub>2</sub> Cl <sub>2</sub. 2026. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4583-2026
Analyzes long-lived chlorofluorocarbons and their potential to cause ongoing damage to the stratospheric ozone layer.
M. P. Chipperfield. Mid-latitude Ozone Depletion. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849733182-00169
Confirms that mid-latitude ozone depletion was largely driven by increases in stratospheric chlorine and bromine.
F Sherwood Rowland. Stratospheric ozone depletion.. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1783
Details how synthetic chlorofluorocarbon emissions cause significant diminution in stratospheric ozone, creating the Antarctic ozone hole.
M C Croteau, M A Davidson, D R S Lean, V L Trudeau. Global increases in ultraviolet B radiation: potential impacts on amphibian development and metamorphosis.. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1086/591949
Notes that surface ultraviolet-B increases stem from stratospheric ozone depletion caused by substances such as chlorofluorocarbons.
Chenping Xu, Joe H Sullivan. Reviewing the technical designs for experiments with ultraviolet-B radiation and impact on photosynthesis, DNA and secondary metabolism.. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00939.x
Connects stratospheric ozone depletion resulting from increases in atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons to rising ultraviolet-B radiation.
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