Alternative initiation codons are utilized in protein translation
Extensive genomic and biochemical evidence confirms that alternative initiation codons, including non-AUG triplets, are widely utilized during protein translation across eukaryotes to generate diverse protein isoforms.
The vast majority of retrieved studies (papers 0 through 8, 10, and 11) provide robust empirical evidence, including ribosome profiling and genome-wide mapping, demonstrating that alternative initiation codons—both non-canonical AUG contexts and non-AUG codons—are actively used in translation. Paper 9 argues that many of these alternative initiations may stem from nonadaptive errors rather than adaptive regulation, but it still acknowledges the occurrence and existence of alternative initiation events. Therefore, the claim that alternative initiation codons are utilized is overwhelmingly supported.
Tanja Kalstrup, Rikard Blunck. Reinitiation at non-canonical start codons leads to leak expression when incorporating unnatural amino acids. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11866
Reinitiation at non-canonical start codons can mediate leak expression and create unintended proteins.
Chuan Xu, Jianzhi Zhang. Mammalian Alternative Translation Initiation Is Mostly Nonadaptive.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa063
Suggests that alternative translation initiation predominantly results from nonadaptive molecular errors rather than regulated adaptive processes.
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Alex V. Kochetov. AUG codons at the beginning of protein coding sequences are frequent in eukaryotic mRNAs with a suboptimal start codon context. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti136
Suboptimal start codon contexts in eukaryotic mRNAs encourage the utilization of downstream AUG codons as additional start sites.
Nilce N. HASHIMOTO, Larissa S. CARNEVALLI, Beatriz A. CASTILHO. Translation initiation at non-AUG codons mediated by weakened association of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2 subunits. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20020556
Mutations in translation initiation factors allow ribosomes to initiate translation at non-AUG codons.
Yinhua Zhang, Lisa L Maduzia. Mutations in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> eIF2β Permit Translation Initiation From Non-AUG Start Codons. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.110.115485
Mutations in eIF2β permit translation initiation from non-AUG start codons in multicellular organisms.
Antonin Tidu, Fatima Alghoul, Laurence Despons, Gilbert Eriani, Franck Martin. Critical <i>cis</i> -parameters influence STructure Assisted RNA Translation (START) initiation on non-AUG codons in eukaryotes. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.23.581729
Secondary structures downstream of start sites assist translation initiation on non-AUG codons in eukaryotes.
Christian Touriol, Stéphanie Bornes, Sophie Bonnal, Sylvie Audigier, Hervé Prats, Anne-Catherine Prats, Stéphan Vagner. Generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative initiation of translation at non-AUG codons.. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0248-4900(03)00033-9
Mammalian mRNAs frequently initiate translation from alternative non-AUG codons to produce protein isoforms with distinct functions.
Jhen-Cheng Fang, Ming-Jung Liu. Translation initiation at AUG and non-AUG triplets in plants.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111822
Plants utilize numerous unannotated alternative AUG and non-AUG translation initiation sites in vivo.
Xiongwen Cao, Sarah A Slavoff. Non-AUG start codons: Expanding and regulating the small and alternative ORFeome.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111973
Ribosome profiling and proteomic studies reveal thousands of novel coding sequences initiating at non-AUG start codons.
Antonin Tidu, Fatima Alghoul, Laurence Despons, Gilbert Eriani, Franck Martin. Critical cis-parameters influence STructure assisted RNA translation (START) initiation on non-AUG codons in eukaryotes.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/nargab/lqae065
Genomic analysis shows that structure-assisted RNA translation promotes initiation at non-AUG codons in eukaryotes.
Ya-Ru Li, Ming-Jung Liu. Prevalence of alternative AUG and non-AUG translation initiators and their regulatory effects across plants.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.261834.120
Ribosome profiling globally identifies thousands of alternative AUG and non-AUG translation initiation sites across plants.
Amy R Eisenberg, Andrea L Higdon, Ina Hollerer, Alexander P Fields, Irwin Jungreis, Paige D Diamond, Manolis Kellis, Marko Jovanovic, Gloria A Brar. Translation Initiation Site Profiling Reveals Widespread Synthesis of Non-AUG-Initiated Protein Isoforms in Yeast.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.011
Translation initiation site profiling reveals widespread synthesis of non-AUG-initiated protein isoforms in yeast.
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