Oceanic desalination is energy-intensive and expensive due to thermodynamic limits of separation
Oceanic desalination remains an energy-intensive and costly process constrained by the thermodynamic limits of separating salts from water, though modern membrane and hybrid technologies continue striving to improve efficiency.
The retrieved papers consistently confirm that desalination processes face significant energy requirements and thermodynamic constraints (such as osmotic pressure and exergy destruction), supporting the claim that desalination is energy-intensive and expensive due to thermodynamic limits.
Salgado-Pineda MC, Ibarra-Bahena J, Galindo-Luna YR, Venegas-Reyes E, Breña-Naranjo JA, Dehesa-Carrasco U. Performance Evaluation, Thermodynamic Analysis and Cost Assessment of a Stand-Alone Desalination Plant Driven with PV-Solar Without Battery Support.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16050176
Paper 4 discusses specific energy consumption and thermodynamic exergy losses associated with brackish and seawater desalination processes.
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Sakhai SS, Bartholomew TV, Dudchenko AV, Lima FV. Assessing the Accuracy of Property Model Predictions for Cost Optimization of Desalination Technologies.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.5c00929
Paper 6 evaluates seawater property models and thermodynamic limits influencing specific energy consumption and costs in reverse osmosis.
Obaid M, Soukane S, Qtaishat MR, Zhang Y, Guillerm V, Mohamed HO, Ayach M, Singaravelu V, Castaño P, Maurin G, Eddaoudi M, Matsuura T, Ghaffour N. Subnanoporous hydrophobic thin films for ultrahigh-efficiency seawater and brines desalination using membrane distillation.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-68158-6
Paper 11 highlights the ongoing need for breakthrough low-energy materials to overcome the fundamental energy and thermodynamic challenges of seawater desalination.
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