Mathematical conditions exist that are both necessary and sufficient for the existence of a utility function
Mathematical conditions, such as specific axioms of revealed preference or topological properties, exist and are well-documented as both necessary and sufficient for the existence of utility functions.
The retrieved literature includes multiple theoretical papers in mathematical economics and decision theory (e.g., Papers 0, 1, and 8) that explicitly derive and prove necessary and sufficient conditions for various utility representations.
G. Bosi, G. Herden. On continuous multi-utility representations of semi-closed and closed preorders. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2015.10.006
Paper 0 provides topological necessary and sufficient conditions for continuous multi-utility representations.
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Jasper De Bock. Archimedean Choice Functions: an Axiomatic Foundation for Imprecise Decision Making. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50143-3_15
Paper 1 establishes axiomatic necessary and sufficient conditions for choice functions yielding utility representations in decision making.
Chambers CP, Echenique F, Saito K. Testing theories of financial decision making.. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517760113
Paper 8 characterizes specific utility models by identifying revealed preference axioms that are necessary and sufficient for their representation.
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