Cosmological redshifting of light is caused by the expansion of the universe
Cosmological redshift is overwhelmingly supported by standard astrophysical models and observations as a consequence of the metric expansion of the universe.
The consensus in modern physical cosmology holds that cosmological redshift arises from the expansion of space (modeled by FLRW metrics within general relativity), as supported by standard cosmological frameworks and data analyses like those in papers [1] and [8]. While fringe alternative hypotheses exist (e.g., papers [9] and [10] proposing non-expanding interpretations), the mainstream empirical evidence and foundational paradigms robustly support the expansion interpretation.
Rajendra P. Gupta. Weighing Cosmological Models with SNe Ia and Gamma Ray Burst Redshift Data. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5050102
Paper [1] utilizes standard FLRW-based models such as Lambda cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM), which rely on metric expansion to analyze supernovae and gamma-ray burst redshift datasets.
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Calzà M, Gianesello F, Rinaldi M, Vagnozzi S. Implications of cosmologically coupled black holes for pulsar timing arrays.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82661-8
Paper [8] discusses models where black holes are cosmologically coupled to an expanding universe, reinforcing the standard expanding spacetime framework.
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