Stable orbits exist around black holes
Extensive theoretical and astrophysical research confirms the existence of stable circular orbits, including innermost stable circular orbits (ISCOs), around various types of black holes.
The retrieved literature extensively discusses and calculates stable circular orbits (such as ISCOs) around various black hole models (Kerr, Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet, Hayward, etc.). The evidence robustly supports the claim that stable orbits exist around black holes.
Minyong Guo, Peng-Cheng Li. Innermost stable circular orbit and shadow of the 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet black hole. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8164-7
Paper [0] analyzes innermost stable circular orbits in the spacetime of 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet black holes.
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Saeed Ullah Khan, Uktamjon Uktamov, J. Rayimbaev, A. Abdujabbarov, Inomjon Ibragimov, Zhi-Min Chen. Circular orbits and collisions of particles with magnetic dipole moment near magnetized Kerr black holes in modified gravity. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12567-2
Paper [1] investigates circular orbits and innermost stable circular orbits of magnetized particles near Kerr black holes.
Tsai-Chen Lee, Zezhou Hu, Minyong Guo, Bin Chen. Circular orbits and polarized images of charged particles orbiting a Kerr black hole with a weak magnetic field. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.024008
Paper [2] examines circular motions and innermost stable circular orbits of charged particles around a Kerr black hole.
Ke Wang, Xiao-Xiong Zeng. Energy extraction from the accelerating Kerr black hole via magnetic reconnection in the plunging region and circular orbit region. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/026
Paper [3] discusses circular orbits and innermost stable circular orbits in the context of accelerating Kerr black holes.
Towe Wang. Innermost stable circular orbit of Kerr-Bertotti-Robinson black holes and inspirals from it: Exact solutions. 2025
Paper [4] derives exact solutions for innermost stable circular orbits around Kerr-Bertotti-Robinson black holes.
Eduard Larrañaga. Circular motion and the innermost stable circular orbit for spinning particles around a charged Hayward black hole background. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218271820501217
Paper [5] investigates circular motion and innermost stable circular orbits for spinning particles around a charged Hayward black hole.
A. Al Zahrani. Tilted circular orbits around a Kerr black hole. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.024029
Paper [7] explores tilted circular orbits and innermost stable circular orbits around a Kerr black hole.
Matteo Della Rocca, Laura Pezzella, E. Berti, L. Gualtieri, A. Maselli. Quasinormal ringing of Kerr black holes. III. Excitation coefficients for equatorial inspirals from the innermost stable circular orbit. 2025
Paper [8] studies point particles plunging from the innermost stable circular orbit of a Kerr black hole.
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