Parasitic wasps can alter the behavior of their host after emerging from it
Multiple studies demonstrate that parasitic wasps can manipulate and alter the behavior of their hosts even after emerging from them, such as by inducing web construction or suppressing movement and feeding.
The retrieved papers include direct experimental evidence demonstrating that various species of parasitic wasps modify or control host behaviors specifically during or after the emergence of the wasp larvae from the host body.
Shingo Tanaka, Naota Ohsaki. Behavioral manipulation of host caterpillars by the primary parasitoid wasp <i>Cotesia glomerata</i> (L.) to construct defensive webs against hyperparasitism. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0153-2
Demonstrates that parasitoid wasps alter host caterpillar behavior after emerging by inducing them to construct protective silk webs.
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William G. Eberhard. New Types of Behavioral Manipulation of Host Spiders by a Parasitoid Wasp. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/950614
Shows that a parasitic wasp induces host spiders to modify their webs after larval development and emergence to protect the cocoon.
Shelley Anne Adamo, Ilya Kovalko, Kurtis F. Turnbull, Russell H. Easy, Carol I. Miles. The parasitic wasp <i>Cotesia congregata</i> uses multiple mechanisms to control host (<i>Manduca sexta</i>) behaviour. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.145300
Finds that emerging wasp larvae alter host caterpillar behavior by causing them to stop feeding and moving spontaneously.
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