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the claim

Interoceptive awareness and accuracy can be improved through training

the verdict
CONTESTED
contested - evenly split
Recorded sources
3 sources for · 3 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

Is it true that Interoceptive awareness and accuracy can be improved through training?

Partly. Whether interoceptive accuracy can be genuinely improved through training remains heavily debated in the literature; while several studies report positive training effects and associated neural changes, others demonstrate that apparent improvements may stem from task artifacts or fail to replicate.

Verdict: CONTESTED · 3 sources for, 3 against · Last checked

The analysis

The retrieved literature presents conflicting findings regarding the trainability of interoception. Several recent studies (e.g., [1], [2], [8]) demonstrate positive outcomes on interoceptive accuracy tasks following specialized training, supported by neuroimaging and computational modeling. However, rigorous replication attempts and methodological critiques (e.g., [0], [6], [9]) indicate that these gains may not consistently generalize, can depend heavily on the specific task used, or may reflect non-interoceptive task improvements rather than true enhancement of internal signal perception. Therefore, the verdict is contested.

The evidence we hold leans evenly split

How this was weighed

official record 3x · fact-check 2x · hedged 1x · crowd & reference 1x

  • High blood pressure responders show largest increase in hear · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 1.3 · 2020
  • Interoceptive training impacts the neural circuit of the ant · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 1.3 · 2024
  • A hierarchical Bayesian model reveals increased precision we · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 1.05 · 2024
  • Does contingent biofeedback improve cardiac interoception? A · peer-reviewed · refutes · weight 1.3 · 2021
  • How Might Interoceptive Accuracy Training Work? · peer-reviewed · refutes · weight 1.05 · 2025
  • The effect of 10-week long yoga training on interoceptive ab · peer-reviewed · refutes · weight 1.05 · 2023
Evidence for · 3
High blood pressure responders show largest increase in heartbeat perception accuracy after post-learning stress following a cardiac interoceptive learning task.
2020
Participants showed an increase in interoceptive accuracy after undergoing a heartbeat perception training task.
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Schenk, L., Fischbach, J., Müller, R., Vögele, C., Witthöft, M., Diest, I., & Schulz, A. (2020). High blood pressure responders show largest increase in heartbeat perception accuracy after post-learning stress following a cardiac interoceptive learning task.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107919

Evidence against · 3
Does contingent biofeedback improve cardiac interoception? A preregistered replication of Meyerholz, Irzinger, Withöft, Gerlach, and Pohl (2019) using the heartbeat discrimination task in a randomised control trial
2021
A preregistered randomized control trial found no significant improvement in cardiac interoceptive accuracy following a biofeedback training procedure.
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Rominger, C., Graßmann, T. M., Weber, B., & Schwerdtfeger, A. (2021). Does contingent biofeedback improve cardiac interoception? A preregistered replication of Meyerholz, Irzinger, Withöft, Gerlach, and Pohl (2019) using the heartbeat discrimination task in a randomised control trial. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248246

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More for · 2
Interoceptive training impacts the neural circuit of the anterior insula cortex
2024
Interoceptive accuracy was enhanced following cognitive interoceptive training, accompanied by changes in anterior insula cortex resting functional connectivity.
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Sugawara, A., Katsunuma, R., Terasawa, Y., & Sekiguchi, A. (2024). Interoceptive training impacts the neural circuit of the anterior insula cortex. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02933-9

A hierarchical Bayesian model reveals increased precision weighting for afferent cardiac signals, and reduced anxiety, as a function of interoceptive training
2024
An interoceptive training protocol successfully improved perceptual accuracy in heartbeat perception tasks and reduced anxiety.
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Suksasilp, C., McLanachan, A., Quadt, L., Boulton, B., Mulcahy, J. S., Critchley, H. D., Smith, R., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2024). A hierarchical Bayesian model reveals increased precision weighting for afferent cardiac signals, and reduced anxiety, as a function of interoceptive training. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.26.614928

More against · 2
How Might Interoceptive Accuracy Training Work?
2025
Apparent improvements on tests of interoceptive accuracy following training may often reflect artifactual task factors rather than true changes in signal perception.
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Murphy, J. & Bird, G. (2025). How Might Interoceptive Accuracy Training Work?. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106126

The effect of 10-week long yoga training on interoceptive abilities: cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation of cardiac and gastric accuracy
2023
A 10-week regular yoga training intervention failed to develop cardiac or gastric interoceptive abilities.
Get citation
Koncz, Á., Csala, B., & Ferentzi, E. (2023). The effect of 10-week long yoga training on interoceptive abilities: cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation of cardiac and gastric accuracy. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42977-023-00195-y

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What does the evidence say?

The retrieved literature presents conflicting findings regarding the trainability of interoception. Several recent studies (e.g., [1], [2], [8]) demonstrate positive outcomes on interoceptive accuracy tasks following specialized training, supported by neuroimaging and computational modeling. However, rigorous replication attempts and methodological critiques (e.g., [0], [6], [9]) indicate that these gains may not consistently generalize, can depend heavily on the specific task used, or may reflect non-interoceptive task improvements rather than true enhancement of internal signal perception. Therefore, the verdict is contested.

Receipt History
first checked04 Aug 2026
judged → CONTESTED · 2604 Aug 2026
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