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the claim
Ice has a lower density than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding crystal structures
the verdict
COMMON KNOWLEDGE
no citation needed for this one
refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
no sources on either side

The fact that ice is less dense than liquid water due to open-structured hydrogen bonding is a foundational physical property of water taught in basic science, and no retrieved papers directly address or test this specific comparative density mechanism.

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The analysis

The claim states a fundamental, textbook physical property of water (ice density vs. liquid water density governed by hydrogen bonding). This is common knowledge and requires no citation of specialized research papers. None of the retrieved papers specifically test or focus on the macroscopic density anomaly of ice compared to water, rendering them tangential.

Everything we examined (12)
  1. High-performance cryo-temperature ionic thermoelectric liquid cell developed through a eutectic solvent strategypeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  2. Synthesis, characterization and hydrogen bonding attributes of halogen bonded O-hydroxy Schiff bases: Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT studiespeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  3. Quasi-one-dimensional hydrogen bonding in nanoconfined icepeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  4. Crystal structure, hydrogen bonding, mechanical properties and Raman spectrum of the lead uranyl silicate monohydrate mineral kasolitepeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  5. Studying Noncovalent Interactions in Molecular Systems with Machine Learning.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  6. Water Film Structure and Wettability of Different Quartz Surfaces: Hydrogen Bonding Across Various Cutting Planes.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  7. Steady-like topology of the dynamical hydrogen bond network in supercooled waterpeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  8. Deep potential-driven structure exploration of ice polymorphspeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  9. High Temperature Aqueous Solvent Effect on Stretching Vibrations of the Hydroxyl Radical – MD Simulation Study of Spectral Shifts and Hydrogen Bond Statisticspeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  10. Single crystal structure, hydrogen bonding interaction, charge transfer and thermal properties of a new guanidine derivative crystal: Phosphate bis-guanidinoacetatepeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  11. Quantifying hydrogen bonding using electrically tunable nanoconfined water.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  12. USP50 suppresses alternative RecQ helicase use and deleterious DNA2 activity during replication.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked05 Aug 2026
judged → COMMON KNOWLEDGE · 9505 Aug 2026
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