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the claim

Humans can voluntarily control their brain's electrical activity through neurofeedback

the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
Recorded sources
12 sources for · 0 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

Is it true that humans can voluntarily control their brain's electrical activity through neurofeedback?

Yes. Multiple studies demonstrate that humans can learn to voluntarily modulate their brain's electrical and hemodynamic activity using real-time neurofeedback systems.

Verdict: SUPPORTED · 12 sources for, 0 against · Last checked

The analysis

All retrieved papers consistently support the premise that neurofeedback enables humans to gain voluntary control over their brain's electrical or hemodynamic activity, with applications in cognitive enhancement and clinical treatment.

Evidence for · 12
Self-regulation of human brain activity using simultaneous real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback
2013
Demonstrates that participants were able to simultaneously regulate hemodynamic and electrophysiological activities using real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback.
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Zotev, V., Phillips, R., Yuan, H., Misaki, M., & Bodurka, J. (2013). Self-regulation of human brain activity using simultaneous real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.126

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More for · 11
OpenNFT: An open-source Python/Matlab framework for real-time fMRI neurofeedback training based on activity, connectivity and multivariate pattern analysis
2017
Outlines a framework for real-time fMRI neurofeedback training allowing voluntary control over localized brain activity.
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Koush, Y., Ashburner, J., Prilepin, E., Sladky, R., Zeidman, P., Bibikov, S., Scharnowski, F., Nikonorov, A. V., & Ville, D. (2017). OpenNFT: An open-source Python/Matlab framework for real-time fMRI neurofeedback training based on activity, connectivity and multivariate pattern analysis. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.039

Social reward improves the voluntary control over localized brain activity in fMRI-based neurofeedback training
2015
Shows that participants successfully learned to control activation in the anterior cingulate cortex using fMRI-based neurofeedback.
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Mathiak, K., Alawi, E., Koush, Y., Dyck, M., Cordes, J. S., Gaber, T., Zepf, F., Palomero-Gallagher, N., Sarkheil, P., Bergert, S., Zvyagintsev, M., & Mathiak, K. (2015). Social reward improves the voluntary control over localized brain activity in fMRI-based neurofeedback training. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00136

Review of the therapeutic neurofeedback method using electroencephalography: EEG Neurofeedback
2018
Reviews EEG neurofeedback methods enabling individuals to gain better control over neurophysiological parameters.
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Omejc, N., Rojc, B., Battaglini, P. P., & Marusic, U. (2018). Review of the therapeutic neurofeedback method using electroencephalography: EEG Neurofeedback. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2018.3785

Neurofeedback with low-cost, wearable electroencephalography (EEG) reduces symptoms in chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
2021
Shows that wearable EEG neurofeedback promotes self-regulation of brain activity to reduce PTSD symptoms.
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Bois, N. D., Bigirimana, A., Korik, A., Kéthina, L. G., Rutembesa, E., Mutabaruka, J., Mutesa, L., Prasad, G., Jansen, S., & Coyle, D. (2021). Neurofeedback with low-cost, wearable electroencephalography (EEG) reduces symptoms in chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.071

Connectivity Changes Underlying Neurofeedback Training of Visual Cortex Activity
2014
Finds that participants successfully learned voluntary control over visual cortex activity through fMRI neurofeedback.
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Scharnowski, F., Rosa, M. J., Golestani, N., Hutton, C., Josephs, O., Weiskopf, N., & Rees, G. (2014). Connectivity Changes Underlying Neurofeedback Training of Visual Cortex Activity. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091090

Getting stress-related disorders under control: the untapped potential of neurofeedback.
2024
Discusses neurofeedback as a method for training voluntary control over brain activity.
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Krause, F., Linden, D., & Hermans, E. (2024). Getting stress-related disorders under control: the untapped potential of neurofeedback.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2024.08.007

Preliminary findings on long‐term effects of fMRI neurofeedback training on functional networks involved in sustained attention
2023
Notes that fMRI neurofeedback allows learning voluntary control over one's own brain activity.
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Pamplona, G., Heldner, J., Langner, R., Koush, Y., Michels, L., Ionta, S., Salmon, C. E. G., & Scharnowski, F. (2023). Preliminary findings on long‐term effects of fMRI neurofeedback training on functional networks involved in sustained attention. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.3217

Self-Regulation of Attention in Children in a Virtual Classroom Environment: A Feasibility Study
2023
Demonstrates feasibility of EEG-based neurofeedback for regulating attention and cognitive focus.
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Guedj, C., Tyrand, R., Badier, E., Planchamp, L., Stringer, M., Zimmermann, M., Férat, V., Leuchter, R., & Grouiller, F. (2023). Self-Regulation of Attention in Children in a Virtual Classroom Environment: A Feasibility Study. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10121352

Mindfulness-based Emotional Acceptance in Combination with Neurofeedback for Improving Emotion Self-Regulation: a Pilot Study
2022
Explores low-cost wearable EEG neurofeedback combined with mindfulness for emotional self-regulation.
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Arpaia, P., Calabrese, L., Chiarella, S., D’Errico, G., Paolis, L. D., Grassini, S., Mastrati, G., Moccaldi, N., Raffone, A., & Vallefuoco, E. (2022). Mindfulness-based Emotional Acceptance in Combination with Neurofeedback for Improving Emotion Self-Regulation: a Pilot Study. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroXRAINE54828.2022.9967633

Evaluating the effects of multimodal EEG-fNIRS neurofeedback for motor imagery: An experimental platform and study protocol
2025
Presents an experimental platform for self-regulation of brain activity using multimodal neurofeedback.
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Muller, C. O., Prampart, T., Bannier, E., Corouge, I., & Maurel, P. (2025). Evaluating the effects of multimodal EEG-fNIRS neurofeedback for motor imagery: An experimental platform and study protocol. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331177

EEG-Based Neurofeedback in Athletes and Non-Athletes: A Scoping Review of Outcomes and Methodologies
2025
Discusses EEG-based neurofeedback processes that provide real-time feedback to support self-regulation of targeted brain rhythms.
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Zacarias, R., Bulathwatta, D. T., Bidzan-Bluma, I., Jesus, S. N. d., & Correia, J. M. (2025). EEG-Based Neurofeedback in Athletes and Non-Athletes: A Scoping Review of Outcomes and Methodologies. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111202

What does the evidence say?

All retrieved papers consistently support the premise that neurofeedback enables humans to gain voluntary control over their brain's electrical or hemodynamic activity, with applications in cognitive enhancement and clinical treatment.

Receipt History
first checked06 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 9006 Aug 2026
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