Modern biology features active theoretical debates and paradigm disputes, such as those between reductionism and holism, or between the Modern Synthesis and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis.
The retrieved literature documents ongoing theoretical tensions and framework debates within biology, such as the debate over the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis versus the Modern Synthesis, holism versus reductionism in genetics, and complexity theory versus traditional reductionist approaches in neurobiology. These papers provide clear evidence that fundamental theoretical conflicts and alternative paradigms coexist and compete in modern biology.