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the claim
fMRI and PET scans demonstrate high statistical reliability.
the verdict
CONTESTED
contested - the weight sits with the supporting side
refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
6 sources for · 2 against

The statistical reliability of fMRI and PET scans remains contested, with some studies showing good reproducibility under controlled conditions while comprehensive multiverse analyses highlight consistently low individual-level test-retest reliability.

The evidence we hold leans leans supported

How this was weighed

official record 3x · fact-check 2x · hedged 1x · crowd & reference 1x

  • Test–retest reliability of arterial spin labeling with commo · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 2 · 2011
  • Reliability and reproducibility of the venous excess ultraso · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 1.3 · 2024
  • Test–retest reliability of a functional MRI anticipatory anx · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 1.3 · 2008
  • A New Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Localizer for Pr · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 1.3 · 2022
  • An automated algorithm for the detection of cortical interru · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 1.3 · 2018
  • Seed‐based test–retest reliability of resting state function · peer-reviewed · supports · weight 1.3 · 2021
  • Test–retest reliability of dynamic functional connectivity i · peer-reviewed · refutes · weight 1.3 · 2021
  • Impact of analytic decisions on test–retest reliability of i · peer-reviewed · refutes · weight 1.3 · 2024
Evidence for · 6
Test–retest reliability of arterial spin labeling with common labeling strategies
2011 · cited by 222
Paper [0] demonstrates high within-session reproducibility for advanced arterial spin labeling methods.
Evidence against · 2
Test–retest reliability of dynamic functional connectivity in naturalistic paradigm functional magnetic resonance imaging
2021 · cited by 35
Paper [4] finds that global test-retest reliability of dynamic functional connectivity in fMRI is much lower than that of static functional connectivity.
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The analysis

The retrieved literature presents mixed findings. While several specific methodologies, paradigms, or high-field scans report good reproducibility or reliability (e.g., papers 0, 6, 9, 11), broader assessments and multiverse analyses (such as paper 7) demonstrate that individual-level test-retest reliability in task fMRI is often low and highly dependent on analytical pipelines. Therefore, the claim is CONTESTED.

More for · 5
Reliability and reproducibility of the venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score, a multi-site prospective study: validating a novel ultrasound technique for comprehensive assessment of venous congestion
2024 · cited by 33
Paper [5] reports substantial inter-rater and inter-user reliability for imaging-based congestion scores.
Test–retest reliability of a functional MRI anticipatory anxiety paradigm in healthy volunteers
2008 · cited by 28
Paper [6] indicates that specific fMRI paradigms can yield reproducible neural activations across sessions.
A New Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Localizer for Preoperative Language Mapping Using a Sentence Completion Task: Validity, Choice of Baseline Condition, and Test–Retest Reliability
2022 · cited by 15
Paper [9] shows moderate to acceptable test-retest reliability for language-mapping fMRI tasks.
An automated algorithm for the detection of cortical interruptions and its underlying loss of trabecular bone; a reproducibility study
2018 · cited by 15
Paper [10] finds excellent intra- and inter-operator reliability for automated image-based measurements.
Seed‐based test–retest reliability of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T and 7T
2021 · cited by 15
Paper [11] observes that ultrahigh-field imaging can significantly improve the test-retest reliability of functional connectivity.
More against · 1
Impact of analytic decisions on test–retest reliability of individual and group estimates in functional magnetic resonance imaging: A multiverse analysis using the monetary incentive delay task
2024 · cited by 16
Paper [7] demonstrates via a multiverse analysis that individual-level test-retest reliability estimates in task fMRI are consistently low across various analytical pipelines.
The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked04 Aug 2026
judged → CONTESTED · 5004 Aug 2026
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