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the claim
Confusion is classified as a distinct epistemic emotion.
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SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
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the weight of evidence
7 sources for · 0 against

Confusion is widely recognized in educational psychology and cognitive research as a distinct epistemic emotion—an affective state directly tied to knowledge acquisition, cognitive incongruity, and information processing.

Evidence for · 7
Surprise, Curiosity, and Confusion Promote Knowledge Exploration: Evidence for Robust Effects of Epistemic Emotions.
2019 · cited by 18
Paper 0 examines epistemic emotions, specifically grouping surprise, curiosity, and confusion as distinct epistemic emotions related to knowledge generation.
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The analysis

The retrieved literature consistently treats confusion as an epistemic emotion alongside surprise and curiosity, examining its role in learning, cognitive imbalance, and knowledge exploration. No papers refute this classification.

More for · 6
Students’ epistemic emotions in a science classroom: their variations and interactions with practices in structured inquiry
2024 · cited by 5
Paper 4 identifies epistemic confusion as a key epistemic emotion that helps students navigate science inquiry and conceptual understanding.
Kept in the Loop: Narrative Play and Epistemic Emotions
2025 · cited by 4
Paper 5 discusses viewers' epistemic emotions, explicitly categorizing confusion and interest as affective states that regulate information processing during narrative engagement.
Toward Optimal Learning of the Gesture in Laparoscopic Surgery: Methodology and Performance
2022 · cited by 3
Paper 6 investigates epistemic confusion as a distinct affective state arising in complex learning situations and cognitive imbalances.
Affective Reactions When Learning That Our Answer Is Biased: The Role of Negative Feedback in the Arousal of Epistemic Emotions
2025 · cited by 3
Paper 7 measures the epistemic emotions of surprise, confusion, and curiosity in response to feedback on high-confidence errors.
COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AS A PREDICTOR OF SELF-EFFICACY AND EPISTEMIC EMOTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS IN MEXICO
2024 · cited by 1
Paper 10 utilizes Epistemic Emotions Scales to measure specific epistemic emotions including confusion following cognitive tasks.
Dynamics of university students’ epistemic emotions during game-based learning in an international relations course
2026 · cited by 1
Paper 11 analyzes epistemic emotions like curiosity, surprise, and confusion as direct components of knowledge-related learning processes.
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first checked04 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 8304 Aug 2026
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