trustmebro.to/r/…
✓ checked
trust me, bro:
here is the receipt.
the claim

Confusion is classified as a distinct epistemic emotion.

the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
Recorded sources
7 sources for · 0 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

Is it true that Confusion is classified as a distinct epistemic emotion?

Yes. Confusion is widely recognized in educational psychology and cognitive research as a distinct epistemic emotion—an affective state directly tied to knowledge acquisition, cognitive incongruity, and information processing.

Verdict: SUPPORTED · 7 sources for, 0 against · Last checked

The analysis

The retrieved literature consistently treats confusion as an epistemic emotion alongside surprise and curiosity, examining its role in learning, cognitive imbalance, and knowledge exploration. No papers refute this classification.

Evidence for · 7
Surprise, Curiosity, and Confusion Promote Knowledge Exploration: Evidence for Robust Effects of Epistemic Emotions.
2019
Get citation
E, V., R, P., K, M., K, L., & S, S. (2019). Surprise, Curiosity, and Confusion Promote Knowledge Exploration: Evidence for Robust Effects of Epistemic Emotions.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02474

See more details
More for · 6
Students’ epistemic emotions in a science classroom: their variations and interactions with practices in structured inquiry
2024
Get citation
Han, M. & Oh, P. S. (2024). Students’ epistemic emotions in a science classroom: their variations and interactions with practices in structured inquiry. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2024.2315100

Kept in the Loop: Narrative Play and Epistemic Emotions
2025
Get citation
Willemsen, S. (2025). Kept in the Loop: Narrative Play and Epistemic Emotions. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11557561

Toward Optimal Learning of the Gesture in Laparoscopic Surgery: Methodology and Performance
2022
Get citation
Cau, M., Sandoval, J., Arguel, A., Brèque, C., Huet, N., Cau, J., & Laribi, M. (2022). Toward Optimal Learning of the Gesture in Laparoscopic Surgery: Methodology and Performance. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051398

Affective Reactions When Learning That Our Answer Is Biased: The Role of Negative Feedback in the Arousal of Epistemic Emotions
2025
Get citation
Nerantzaki, K., Stergiadou, P., & Metallidou, P. (2025). Affective Reactions When Learning That Our Answer Is Biased: The Role of Negative Feedback in the Arousal of Epistemic Emotions. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.13847

COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AS A PREDICTOR OF SELF-EFFICACY AND EPISTEMIC EMOTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS IN MEXICO
2024
Get citation
Arias, P. L., Camacho-Vega, D., Martínez, Y., Delgadillo, M. G., Ponce, S., & Trejo, S. (2024). COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AS A PREDICTOR OF SELF-EFFICACY AND EPISTEMIC EMOTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS IN MEXICO. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.26758/14.1.4

Dynamics of university students’ epistemic emotions during game-based learning in an international relations course
2026
Get citation
Ketonen, E. E., Kruskopf, M., Lonka, K., & Mattlin, M. (2026). Dynamics of university students’ epistemic emotions during game-based learning in an international relations course. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-025-09771-2

What does the evidence say?

The retrieved literature consistently treats confusion as an epistemic emotion alongside surprise and curiosity, examining its role in learning, cognitive imbalance, and knowledge exploration. No papers refute this classification.

Receipt History
first checked04 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 8304 Aug 2026
Anyone with this link can read the claim and its public receipt, including any personal information in that text. Open permanent receipt.
Check your own claim
Challenge the receipt
Requests are recorded for review. This does not start an automatic check or guarantee a response time.

See the evidence timeline

Citation formatting by citeproc-js (Frank Bennett) and the Citation Style Language project. Source and licenses.

This receipt is an automated verdict against our published method · not an opinion about any author or publication.
Terms · Privacy · How verdicts work